Fig. 3

Devices for assessing wrist flexion and extension force and range of motion. a Diagram of isometric wrist force module. Red arrows indicate force direction. b Example of single wrist flexion and extension trials from uninjured and cSCI participants. c cSCI participants produce significantly lower wrist flexion and extension forces compared to uninjured controls. d Diagram of the isotonic wrist flexion and extension ROM device showing direction of movement. e Example of single flexion and extension ROM trials performed by uninjured and cSCI participants. f Wrist flexion and extension ROM is significantly reduced in cSCI participants compared to uninjured participants. Individual data is depicted with open circles. Error bars indicate SD. Significant differences were determined by Wilcoxon rank sum tests and are noted as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001