Table 2 Kinematics calculated during reach-to-grasp movement for all conditions
From: Coordination of reach-to-grasp in physical and haptic-free virtual environments
Variables/Conditions | Â | Large | Medium | Small | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Near | Middle | Far | Near | Middle | Far | Near | Middle | Far | |
Movement Time MT (ms) | PE | 904.3 | 977.0 | 1027.3 | 934.5 | 1002.8 | 1057.4 | 939.3 | 1033.3 | 1121.7 |
sd | ±95.0 | ±119.7 | ±117.2 | ±115.5 | ±112.5 | ±120.0 | ±119.6 | ±138.1 | ±167.5 | |
VE | 1053.1 | 1113.8 | 1144.6 | 1001.6 | 1037.2 | 1134.8 | 978.1 | 1025.5 | 1080.9 | |
sd | ±157.4 | ±155.6 | ±143.5 | ±170.9 | ±143.2 | ±156.5 | ±135.5 | ±125.1 | ±150.5 | |
Peak Aperture PA (cm) | PE | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 |
sd | ±0.6 | ±0.5 | ±0.5 | ±0.5 | ±0.6 | ±0.5 | ±0.6 | ±0.5 | ±0.5 | |
VE | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
sd | ±1.3 | ±1.3 | ±1.1 | ±1.2 | ±1.3 | ±1.2 | ±1.2 | ±1.1 | ±1.2 | |
Relative Time to Peak Aperture rTPA (%) | PE | 66.4 | 67.1 | 69.0 | 66.1 | 67.4 | 66.7 | 64.4 | 65.5 | 65.1 |
sd | ±6.2 | ±5.4 | ±5.2 | ±5.9 | ±6.2 | ±6.6 | ±5.8 | ±6.9 | ±7.0 | |
VE | 60.2 | 61.7 | 61.8 | 58.8 | 59.3 | 60.7 | 57.1 | 59.7 | 61.5 | |
sd | ±9.1 | ±8.4 | ±9.0 | ±7.1 | ±9.1 | ±9.6 | ±9.8 | ±8.9 | ±9.0 | |
Size Normalized Peak Aperture snPA (a.u.) | PE | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
sd | ±0.1 | ±0.1 | ±0.1 | ±0.1 | ±0.2 | ±0.2 | ±0.3 | ±0.3 | ±0.3 | |
VE | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | |
sd | ±0.3 | ±0.2 | ±0.2 | ±0.3 | ±0.3 | ±0.4 | ±0.7 | ±0.6 | ±0.7 | |
Peak Transport Velocity PV (cm/s) | PE | 61.6 | 73.2 | 83.5 | 60.2 | 69.9 | 82.5 | 57.8 | 68.2 | 77.7 |
sd | ±7.0 | ±9.1 | ±10.7 | ±8.1 | ±9.7 | ±11.1 | ±7.6 | ±9.0 | ±11.9 | |
VE | 51.5 | 64.0 | 74.3 | 52.9 | 67.4 | 75.8 | 53.6 | 66.2 | 74.4 | |
sd | ±6.3 | ±9.6 | ±13.3 | ±8.9 | ±9.6 | ±11.9 | ±6.7 | ±7.9 | ±9.5 | |
Relative Time to Peak Transport Velocity rTPV (%) | PE | 32.0 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 31.6 | 32.6 | 32.0 | 34.0 | 32.3 | 31.9 |
sd | ±5.4 | ±4.5 | ±4.8 | ±6.1 | ±3.6 | ±5.0 | ±4.5 | ±5.3 | ±4.4 | |
VE | 33.2 | 32.7 | 32.0 | 34.3 | 32.0 | 32.5 | 34.8 | 34.6 | 35.0 | |
sd | ±6.8 | ±6.7 | ±5.5 | ±6.1 | ±5.0 | ±5.6 | ±6.2 | ±5.4 | ±5.1 | |
Hand Distance to the Object at Peak Aperture hdPA (cm) | PE | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.5 |
sd | ±0.7 | ±0.9 | ±0.8 | ±0.9 | ±0.9 | ±1.1 | ±1.2 | ±1.0 | ±1.4 | |
VE | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.7 | |
sd | ±1.5 | ±1.7 | ±2.0 | ±1.6 | ±2.1 | ±2.6 | ±1.8 | ±2.2 | ±2.4 | |