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Table 2 Motor and cognitive outcomes for the experimental and control groups at pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up

From: Elements virtual rehabilitation improves motor, cognitive, and functional outcomes in adult stroke: evidence from a randomized controlled pilot study

 

VR + TAU

 

TAU

 

Group effect on pre-post difference score (t or U, p)c

Group effect on pre-test to follow-up difference score (t or U, p)c

Primary Outcomea

Pre-test

Post-test

Follow-up

Pre-post difference scoreb

Effect size db

Pre-test

Post-test

Follow-up

Pre-post difference scoreb

Effect size db

Motor

 BBT-MAH

21.8 (12.8)

39.1 (14.5)

40.8 (15.5)

17.3 (8.6), p < 0.001

1.3

21.5 (8.1)

29.8 (11.2)

30.9 (11.5)

8.4 (5.3), p < 0.001

0.9

21.50, 0.008*

23.00, 0.011*

 BBT-LAH

45.1 (7.9)

57.6 (5.4)

60.6 (5.6)

12.5 (7.7), p = 0.001

1.9

44.5 (8.3)

50.9 (8.2)

50.9 (7.8)

6.5 (5.7), p = 0.004

0.8

2.05, 0.054

−3.44, 0.003*

 BBT Total

66.9 (14.1)

96.7 (12.6)

101.4 (14.7)

29.8 (11.5), p < 0.001

2.2

65.9 (10.3)

80.7 (11.9)

81.8 (11.4)

14.8 (7.8), p < 0.001

1.3

3.52, 0.002*

9.50, < 0.001*

Cognitive

 MoCA

18.4 (2.50)

24.8 (2.6)

25.4 (2.6)

6.40 (1.3), p < 0.001

2.5

19.2 (4.0)

21.4 (3.6)

21.8 (3.5)

2.2 (0.9), p = 0.004

0.6

0.50, < 0.001*

− 7.41, < 0.001*

 GMLT Errors

107.8 (12.3)

87.5 (9.5)

76.1 (10.5)

20.3 (8.4), p < 0.001

1.9

110.6 (14.7)

108.0 (13.2)

101.1 (14.5)

2.5 (6.1), p = 0.198

0.2

−5.57, < 0.001*

4.32, < 0.001*

 Set Shift Errors

64.9 (10.1)

46.9 (6.2)

33.3 (7.0)

18.0 (10.3), p < 0.001

2.2

64.6 (12.7)

61.0 (11.5)

58.9 (12.6)

3.5 (6.1), p = 0.082

0.3

−3.95, 0.001*

7.43, < 0.001*

  1. aMean (SD); bwithin-group dependent t-test comparison of pre-test vs. post-test; cbetween-group independent t-test comparison of VR+TAU vs. TAU; * p < Benjamini-Hochberg critical value. BBT Box and Blocks Test, GMLT CogState Groton Maze Learning Task, LAH Less Affected Hand, MAH Most Affected Hand, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, TAU Treatment as Usual, VR Virtual Rehabilitation