Elements virtual rehabilitation improves motor, cognitive, and functional outcomes in adult stroke: evidence from a randomized controlled pilot study

Table 3 Functional outcomes for the experimental and control groups at pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up

	VR + TAU					TAU					Group effect on pre-post difference score (t or U, p)^c	Group effect on pre-test to follow-up difference score (t or U, p)^c
NFI Sub-scale^a	Pre-test	Post-test	Follow-up	Pre-post difference score^b	Effect size d^b	Pre-test	Post- test	Follow-up	Pre-post difference score^b	Effect size d^b	Group effect on pre-post difference score (t or U, p)^c
Motor	32.2 (3.9)	24.4 (4.0)	21.5 (2.9)	7.8 (1.7), p < 0.001	2.0	30.6 (4.1)	27.5 (4.2)	26.7 (5.2)	3.1 (1.8),p < 0.001	0.8	6.00, < 0.001*	5.85, < 0.001*
Cognition	56.9 (18.1)	39.8 (14.2)	34.6 (12.6)	17.1 (7.6), p < 0.001	1.1	51.8 (19.2)	42.4 (14.9)	39.3 (13.7)	9.5 (6.5),p = 0.001	0.6	−2.50, 0.022*	2.33, 0.031*
Depression	32.6 (9.1)	24.5 (6.6)	22.1 (5.8)	8.1 (4.4), p < 0.001	1.0	33.9 (13.9)	30.6 (10.6)	28.2 (9.7)	3.4 (6.8),p = 0.130	0.3	−1.89, 0.075	1.82, 0.085
Somatic	20.4 (6.3)	16.4 (5.5)	16.2 (4.4)	4.0 (2.1),p < 0.001	0.7	19.7 (4.1)	17.3 (2.9)	18.3 (4.0)	2.5 (3.1),p = 0.025	0.7	−1.33, 0.200	2.02, 0.058
Commun	34.9 (6.5)	25.9 (6.9)	22.5 (5.3)	9.0 (4.0),p < 0.001	1.3	31.8 (12.0)	30.6 (10.6)	28.3 (9.8)	1.3 (5.6),p = 0.467	0.1	−3.62, 0.002*	4.62, < 0.001*
Aggression	15.8 (4.7)	14.6 (5.7)	13.9 (4.9)	1.2 (2.3), p = 0.612	0.2	14.6 (4.4)	14.2 (4.1)	13.6 (5.2)	0.4 (1.8), p = 0.831	0.1	0.89,0.383	0.98, 0.347

^aMean (SD); ^bwithin-group dependent t-test comparison of pre-test vs. post-test; ^cbetween-group independent t-test comparison of VR+TAU vs. TAU;. * p < Benjamini-Hochberg critical value. Commun: Communication; NFI Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, TAU Treatment as Usual, VR Virtual Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003