Walking to your right music: a randomized controlled trial on the novel use of treadmill plus music in Parkinson’s disease

Table 3 Statistical data of the effects of gait training on gait kinematic parameters from the baseline (pre) at the end of the rehabilitation period (post)

Parameter	time×group		group	pre	post	time F_(1,24),p	post-pre post-hoc p-value
Parameter	F_(1,48), p	ICC (95%cl)	group	pre	post	time F_(1,24),p	within-group	effect size	between-group
GQI (%)	26, < 0.001	0.02 (−0.26 to 0.29)	RAS	80 ± 9	89 ± 10	93, < 0.001	< 0.001	0.8	< 0.001
GQI (%)	26, < 0.001	0.02 (−0.26 to 0.29)	non-RAS	81 ± 9	84 ± 9	63, < 0.001	0.007	0.6	< 0.001
SSR (ratio)	8.7, 0.005	0.05 (−0.22 to 0.33)	RAS	2.1 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.2	71, < 0.001	< 0.001	0.5	< 0.001
SSR (ratio)	8.7, 0.005	0.05 (−0.22 to 0.33)	non-RAS	2 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.2	48, < 0.001	0.009	0.3	< 0.001
step cadence (Hz)	16, < 0.001	0.03 (−0.25 to 0.3)	RAS	1.56 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	44, < 0.001	< 0.001	0.8	< 0.001
step cadence (Hz)	16, < 0.001	0.03 (−0.25 to 0.3)	non-RAS	1.58 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	22, < 0.001	0.006	0.4	< 0.001
stride length (cm)	15, < 0.001	0.03 (−0.25 to 0.31)	RAS	37 ± 4	50 ± 6	22, 0.009	0.005	0.9	0.01
stride length (cm)	15, < 0.001	0.03 (−0.25 to 0.31)	non-RAS	36 ± 4	47 ± 5	8.2, 0.02	0.003	0.6	0.01
gait cycle duration (sec)	0.2, 0.5	0.07 (0.05 to 0.08)	RAS	2.02 ± 0.2	1.77 ± 0.2	29, < 0.001	0.002	0.8	0.1
gait cycle duration (sec)	0.2, 0.5	0.07 (0.05 to 0.08)	non-RAS	1.96 ± 0.2	1.79 ± 0.2	11, < 0.001	0.007	0.7	0.1
speed of gait (m/s)	0.2, 0.5	0.9 (0.05 to 0.1)	RAS	0.7 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	20, < 0.001	0.004	0.8	0.1
speed of gait (m/s)	0.2, 0.5	0.9 (0.05 to 0.1)	non-RAS	0.6 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	15, < 0.001	0.006	0.8	0.1

UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, BBS Berg Balance Scale, FES Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale, FGA functional gait assessment, TUG timed up-and-go test, GQI gait quality index, SSR stance-swing ratio, RAS rhythmic auditory stimulation, ICC(95%cl) intraclass correlation coefficient and its 95% confidence limits for test-retest reliability calculation