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Table 2 The means and 95% confidence intervals for each measurement of the clinical assessments, and the probabilities with the estimated effect sizes of the statistical analyses.

From: Distal versus proximal - an investigation on different supportive strategies by robots for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Assessment

PRE

POST

3MFU

1-way ANOVA

2-way ANCOVA

P (Partial η2)

Mean Value (95% Confidence Interval)

P (Partial η2)

Session

Group

S*G

FMA Full (Hand)

28.9

42.2

45.3

0.001### (0.274)

0.000ΔΔΔ(0.567)

0.879 (0.000)

0.920 (0.002)

(22.6–35.1)

(35.9–48.5)

(39.0–51.5)

FMA Full (Sleeve)

32.4

44.8

47.5

0.004## (0.229)

(25.9–38.9)

(38.3–51.3)

(41.0–54.0)

FMA-SE (Hand)

20.0

28.5

30.6

0.001### (0.270)

0.000ΔΔΔ(0.550)

0.793 (0.001)

0.825 (0.005)

(16.0–24.0)

(24.4–32.5)

(26.6–34.6)

FMA-SE (Sleeve)

21.7

30.7

31.5

0.001### (0.271)

(17.8–25.6)

(26.8–34.6)

(27.6–35.4)

FMA-WH (Hand)

8.9

13.7

14.7

0.005## (0.222)

0.000ΔΔΔ(0.362)

0.695 (0.002)

0.698 (0.009)

(6.3–11.4)

(11.2–16.3)

(12.1–17.2)

FMA-WH (Sleeve)

10.7

14.1

16.1

0.075 (0.116)

(7.3–14.0)

(10.8–17.5)

(12.7–19.4)

ARAT (Hand)

15.6

26.5

26.9

0.036# (0.147)

0.000ΔΔΔ (0.396)

0.430 (0.080)

0.938 (0.002)

(8.8–22.4)

(19.7–33.3)

(20.1–33.7)

ARAT (Sleeve)

20.8

31.9

33.3

0.034# (0.149)

(13.6–28.0)

(24.7–39.1)

(26.1–40.5)

MAS-elbow (Hand)

1.5

0.9

0.7

0.033# (0.149)

0.000ΔΔΔ(0.191)

0.591 (0.003)

0.388 (0.023)

(1.1–2.0)

(0.4–1.3)

(0.3–1.2)

MAS-elbow (Sleeve)

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.288 (0.058)

(0.7–1.5)

(0.4–1.2)

(0.3–1.0)

MAS-wrist (Hand)

1.5

0.6

0.3

0.001### (0.295)

0.000ΔΔΔ(0.518)

0.000ΔΔΔ (0.319)

0.001ΔΔΔ (0.149)

(1.1–1.9)

(0.2–1.0)

(−0.1–0.7)

MAS-wrist (Sleeve)

1.3

0.9

0.9

0.272 (0.060)

(0.9–1.8)

(0.5–1.4)

(0.4–1.3)

MAS-finger (Hand)

1.3

0.5

0.4

0.004## (0.231)

0.000ΔΔΔ (0.367)

0.001ΔΔΔ (0.136)

0.067 (0.063)

(0.9–1.7)

(0.0–0.9)

(0.0–0.8)

MAS-finger (Sleeve)

1.4

1.0

0.9

0.319 (0.053)

(0.9–1.9)

(0.5–1.5)

(0.5–1.4)

  1. Differences with statistical significance are marked with superscripts beside the P values (‘#’ for 1-way-ANOVA intragroup tests, ‘Δ’ for 2-way ANCOVA tests on the group and session effects with the pre-assessment as the covariate). Significant levels are indicated as, 1 superscript for < 0.05, 2 superscripts for ≤0.01, and 3 superscripts for ≤0.001