Distal versus proximal - an investigation on different supportive strategies by robots for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Qiuyang QIAN; Chingyi Nam; Ziqi Guo; Yanhuan Huang; Xiaoling Hu; Stephanie C. Ng; Yongping Zheng; Waisang Poon

doi:10.1186/s12984-019-0537-5

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 2 The means and 95% confidence intervals for each measurement of the clinical assessments, and the probabilities with the estimated effect sizes of the statistical analyses.

From: Distal versus proximal - an investigation on different supportive strategies by robots for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Assessment	PRE	POST	3MFU	1-way ANOVA	2-way ANCOVA
	PRE	POST	3MFU	1-way ANOVA	P (Partial η²)
	Mean Value (95% Confidence Interval)			P (Partial η²)	Session	Group	SG*
FMA Full (Hand)	28.9	42.2	45.3	0.001^### (0.274)	0.000^ΔΔΔ(0.567)	0.879 (0.000)	0.920 (0.002)
FMA Full (Hand)	(22.6–35.1)	(35.9–48.5)	(39.0–51.5)	0.001^### (0.274)
FMA Full (Sleeve)	32.4	44.8	47.5	0.004^## (0.229)
FMA Full (Sleeve)	(25.9–38.9)	(38.3–51.3)	(41.0–54.0)	0.004^## (0.229)
FMA-SE (Hand)	20.0	28.5	30.6	0.001^### (0.270)	0.000^ΔΔΔ(0.550)	0.793 (0.001)	0.825 (0.005)
FMA-SE (Hand)	(16.0–24.0)	(24.4–32.5)	(26.6–34.6)	0.001^### (0.270)
FMA-SE (Sleeve)	21.7	30.7	31.5	0.001^### (0.271)
FMA-SE (Sleeve)	(17.8–25.6)	(26.8–34.6)	(27.6–35.4)	0.001^### (0.271)
FMA-WH (Hand)	8.9	13.7	14.7	0.005^## (0.222)	0.000^ΔΔΔ(0.362)	0.695 (0.002)	0.698 (0.009)
FMA-WH (Hand)	(6.3–11.4)	(11.2–16.3)	(12.1–17.2)	0.005^## (0.222)
FMA-WH (Sleeve)	10.7	14.1	16.1	0.075 (0.116)
FMA-WH (Sleeve)	(7.3–14.0)	(10.8–17.5)	(12.7–19.4)	0.075 (0.116)
ARAT (Hand)	15.6	26.5	26.9	0.036^# (0.147)	0.000^ΔΔΔ (0.396)	0.430 (0.080)	0.938 (0.002)
ARAT (Hand)	(8.8–22.4)	(19.7–33.3)	(20.1–33.7)	0.036^# (0.147)
ARAT (Sleeve)	20.8	31.9	33.3	0.034^# (0.149)
ARAT (Sleeve)	(13.6–28.0)	(24.7–39.1)	(26.1–40.5)	0.034^# (0.149)
MAS-elbow (Hand)	1.5	0.9	0.7	0.033^# (0.149)	0.000^ΔΔΔ(0.191)	0.591 (0.003)	0.388 (0.023)
MAS-elbow (Hand)	(1.1–2.0)	(0.4–1.3)	(0.3–1.2)	0.033^# (0.149)
MAS-elbow (Sleeve)	1.1	0.8	0.7	0.288 (0.058)
MAS-elbow (Sleeve)	(0.7–1.5)	(0.4–1.2)	(0.3–1.0)	0.288 (0.058)
MAS-wrist (Hand)	1.5	0.6	0.3	0.001^### (0.295)	0.000^ΔΔΔ(0.518)	0.000^ΔΔΔ (0.319)	0.001^ΔΔΔ (0.149)
MAS-wrist (Hand)	(1.1–1.9)	(0.2–1.0)	(−0.1–0.7)	0.001^### (0.295)
MAS-wrist (Sleeve)	1.3	0.9	0.9	0.272 (0.060)
MAS-wrist (Sleeve)	(0.9–1.8)	(0.5–1.4)	(0.4–1.3)	0.272 (0.060)
MAS-finger (Hand)	1.3	0.5	0.4	0.004^## (0.231)	0.000^ΔΔΔ (0.367)	0.001^ΔΔΔ (0.136)	0.067 (0.063)
MAS-finger (Hand)	(0.9–1.7)	(0.0–0.9)	(0.0–0.8)	0.004^## (0.231)
MAS-finger (Sleeve)	1.4	1.0	0.9	0.319 (0.053)
MAS-finger (Sleeve)	(0.9–1.9)	(0.5–1.5)	(0.5–1.4)	0.319 (0.053)

Differences with statistical significance are marked with superscripts beside the P values (‘#’ for 1-way-ANOVA intragroup tests, ‘Δ’ for 2-way ANCOVA tests on the group and session effects with the pre-assessment as the covariate). Significant levels are indicated as, 1 superscript for < 0.05, 2 superscripts for ≤0.01, and 3 superscripts for ≤0.001

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