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Table 1 Demographic data and clinical characteristics of individuals with stroke at the time of inclusion

From: End-point kinematics using virtual reality explaining upper limb impairment and activity capacity in stroke

Demographic data and clinical characteristics

Mean ± SD, n (%) or median (IQR)

(n = 64)

Age

65.7 ± 13.4

Female

26 (41%)

Time since stroke median (in months)

0.3 (0.9)

Time since stroke:

 day 3/day 10, n

29/16

 week3/week 4/week 6, n

2/6/3

 month 3/month 6/month 12, n

4/2/2

Ischemic stroke

52 (81%)

Haemorrhagic stroke

12 (19%)

NIHSS score at hospital admission, n = 61

4 (5)

Right hand dominant

61 (95%)

Right hemiparesis

27 (42%)

Left hemiparesis

37 (58%)

Fugl-Meyer Assessment – Upper Extremity (0–66)

55 ± 9, 57 (10)

Action Research Arm Test (0–57)

47 ± 9, 50 (10)

Decreased sensation (≤ 11 points, FMA)

17 (27%)

Impaired passive joint motion (≤ 23 points, FMA)

16 (25%)

Pain during passive movements (≤ 23 points, FMA)

15 (23%)

Spasticity of elbow or wrist joint (≥1 point, MAS)

5 (8%)

Kinematic variables from the target-to-target task

 Movement time (s)

2.31 ± 0.98

 Mean velocity (mm/s)

146.6 ± 55.1

 Peak velocity (mm/s)

374.1 ± 132.4

 Time to peak velocity (%)

31.31 ± 9.0

 Number of velocity peaks

4.23 ± 1.84

  1. Abbreviations: SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Function