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Table 1 Participant characteristics

From: Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve functional locomotion in people with Parkinson’s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Total N

Age (yrs)

Gender

PD Duration (yrs)

UPDRS Part III at Baseline

Medication

DBS Treatment

FOG Test

Alizad [42]

8

NA

Total: 3F, 5 M

NA

NA

NA

NO

NA

Benninger [43]

25

Total: 63.9 ± 8.7

Active: 4F, 9 M

Sham: 5F, 7 M

Active: 10.6 ± 7.1

Sham: 9.1 ± 3.3

Active: 22.2 ± 8.7

Sham: 17.5 ± 8.0

On

NO

Patients with severe freezing or unable to walk 10 m were excluded

Capacci [44]

7

Total: 60.9 ± 9

Total: 4F, 3 M

Total: 16.8 ± 4.0

NA

NA

NO

NA

Costa-Ribeiro [45]

22

Active: 61.1 ± 9.1;

Sham: 62.0 ± 16.7

Active: 3F, 8 M

Sham: 4F, 7 M

Active: 6.1 ± 3.8

Sham: 6.3 ± 3.7

Active: 19.0

Sham: 19.1

On

NO

FOG-Q(>  15 points) were excluded

Costa-Ribeiro [46]

22

Active: 61.1 ± 9.1

Sham: 62.0 ± 16.7

Active: 3F, 8 M

Sham: 4F, 7 M

Active: 6.1 ± 3.8

Sham: 6.3 ± 3.7

Active: 19.0 ± 4.9

Sham: 17.6 ± 5.1

On

NO

Patients were excluded when they presented severe freezing according the FOG-Q

Criminger [47]

16

Total: 68.1 ± 9.8

Total: 4F, 12 M

Total: 8.7 ± 9.8

Total: 23.4 ± 9.7

On

NO

NA

da Silva [48]

17

Active: 66.0 ± 5.0

Sham: 66.0 ± 10.0

Active: 4F, 4 M

Sham: 3F, 6 M

Active: 6.0 ± 6.0

Sham: 5.0 ± 1.0

NA

NA

NO

NA

Dagan [49]

20

NA

NA

NA

NA

On

NO

FOG-Q: 20.5 ± 4.9

FOG-provoking test scores: 14.2 ± 8.00

Fernández-Lago [50]

18

Total: 56.7 ± 11.6

Total: 7F, 11 M

Total: 6.2 ± 3.7

Total: 21.17 ± 11.3

On

NO

NA

Kaski [51]

16

NA

NA

NA

NA

On

NO

Patients with severe freezing were excluded

Lattari [52]

17

Total: 67.2 ± 10.0

Total: 4F, 13 M

Total: 7.1 ± 2.7

Total: 18.0 ± 99.0

On

NO

NA

Mak [53]

18

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NO

NA

Manenti [54]

10

Total: 67.1 ± 7.2

Total: 4F, 6 M

Total: 8.1 ± 3.5

Total: 13.3 ± 5.7

On

NO

NA

Schabrun [55]

16

Active: 72.0 ± 4.9

Sham: 63.0 ± 11.0

Active: 8 M

Sham: 6F, 2 M

Active: 6.9 ± 4.4

Sham: 4.6 ± 3.9

Active: 47.7 ± 7.5

Sham: 37.7 ± 9.8

On

NO

NA

Swank [56]

10

Total: 68.7 ± 10.2

Total: 2F, 8 M

Total: 7.9 ± 7.1

Total: 37.0 ± 12.9

On

NO

NA

Valentino [57]

10

Total: 72.3 ± 3.6

Total: 5F, 5 M

Total: 11.0 ± 4.9

Total: 32.0 ± 10.3

On

NO

FOG-Q: 15.3 ± 2.7

Verheyden [58]

20

NA

NA

Total: 9.0 ± 4.0

Total: 16.0 ± 5.0

On

NO

NA

Yotnuengnit [59]

53

Active: 68.2 ± 9.8

Sham: 62.7 ± 8.8

Active: 6F, 11 M

Sham: 6F, 12 M

Active: 9.4 ± 5.3

Sham: 6.6 ± 3.6

Active: 11.9 ± 4.7

Sham: 11.2 ± 4.0

On

NO

NA

  1. Abbreviations: Active Active tDCS protocols, DBS Deep brain stimulation, F Female, FOG Freezing of gait, FOG-Q Freezing of gait questionnaire, M Male, NA Not applicable, PD Duration Time since PD diagnosis, UPDRS The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. Note. Data for age and PD duration are mean ± standard deviation