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Table 2 Gait (speed and symmetry) and quadriceps strength (inter-limb symmetry, 4-wks/pre-ACLR ratio) outcomes, and effects of group and time

From: Functional electrical stimulation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled pilot study

Variable

Time

FES (n = 10)

NMES (n = 13)

Time effect

Group effect

Time x Group effect

Gait speed (m/sec)

Pre-ACLR

1.16 ± 0.21

1.20 ± 0.22

< 0.001

0.344

0.023

(95% CI 1.03–1.29)

(95% CI 1.08–1.32)

1-wk

0.89 ± 0.17

0.77 ± 0.27

(95% CI 0.78–1.0)

(95% CI 0.6–0.94)

4-wks

1.26 ± 0.13

1.11 ± 0.27

(95% CI 1.17–1.34)

(95% CI 0.96–1.26)

Gait symmetry operated/non- operated limb (ratio)

Pre-ACLR

1.01 ± 0.03

1.00 ± 0.04

< 0.001

0.500

0.259

(95% CI 0.99–1.03)

(95% CI 0.98–1.02)

1-wk

0.93 ± 0.08

0.93 ± 0.08

(95% CI 0.88–0.98)

(95% CI 0.87–0.99)

4-wks

1.01 ± 0.03

0.97 ± 0.06

(95% CI 0.99–1.03)

(95% CI 0.94–1.0)

Peak strength 4-wks/pre-ACLR (ratio)

4-wks

0.82 ± 0.27

0.47 ± 0.17

–

0.020

–

(95% CI 0.64–0.99)

(95% CI 0.37–0.56)

Peak strength symmetry operated/non- operated limb (ratio)

Pre-ACLR

0.86 ± 0.20

0.74 ± 0.25

< 0.001

0.038

0.040

(95% CI 0.73–0.98)

(95% CI 0.6, 0.88)

4-wks

0.63 ± 0.15

0.39 ± 0.18

(95% CI 0.53–0.73)

(95% CI 0.29–0.49)