Table 2 Mean values of gait parameters for healthy subjects (normative values)

Speed (m/s)

1.16 (0.15)

1.18 (0.15)

1.16* (0.12)

1.19** (0.15)

1.16** (0.19)

1.06** (0.17)

0.94** (0.19)

Stride length (m)

1.23** (0.11)

1.32 (0.11)

1.29** (0.10)

1.27** (0.14)

1.25** (0.14)

1.19** (0.16)

1.05** (0.16)

Stride time (s)

1.08** (0.09)

1.13 (0.10)

1.12 (0.10)

1.08** (0.09)

1.09** (0.12)

1.13** (0.10)

1.19 (0.12)

Step length (m)

0.63* (0.05)

0.67 (0.06)

0.65** (0.05)

0.64** (0.07)

0.62** (0.07)

0.60** (0.08)

0.52** (0.08)

Step time (s)

0.54** (0.05)

0.56 (0.05)

0.56 (0.05)

0.54** (0.05)

0.55** (0.06)

0.56** (0.05)

0.59 (0.07)

Step width (m)

0.11** (0.03)

0.12 (0.03)

0.12** (0.03)

0.11** (0.02)

0.12** (0.03)

0.10** (0.03)

0.13** (0.04)

Cadence (step/min)

111.87**(9.27)

107.43 (9.60)

107.87 (10.25)

112.37** (9.36)

111.15** (12.03)

107.56** (9.10)

102.04 (9.99)

Step asymmetry (m)

0.05** (0.08)

0.06 (0.13)

0.04* (0.02)

0.05* (0.03)

0.06* (0.13)

0.12 (0.26)

0.07 (0.08)

Swing time (s)

0.40 (0.05)

0.43 (0.14)

0.43* (0.15)

0.41 (0.12)

0.41 (0.14)

0.42 (0.12)

0.42** (0.07)

Double support time (s)

0.28 (0.07)

0.29 (0.08)

0.29* (0.07)

0.29** (0.09)

0.31** (0.10)

0.37 (0.19)

0.42 (0.19)

Trunk obliquity (°)

4.35 (1.36)

5.05 (1.66)

4.69* (1.18)

4.29 (1.25)

5.17 (2.82)

4.87** (1.52)

4.76** (1.31)

Trunk tilt (°)

6.29 (1.68)

6.26 (0.95)

6.35* (1.64)

5.90** (1.02)

5.28** (1.02)

5.47** (1.26)

5.55** (1.43)

Trunk rotation (°)

14.17** (3.95)

15.61 (3.95)

16.12* (3.65)

17.08* (3.82)

17.34 (3.11)

17.80 (5.25)

14.87** (3.89)

Pelvic obliquity (°)

8.35 (2.14)

6.46 (1.98)

7.63 (2.55)

7.49 (3.11)

7.72 (2.12)

7.41 (1.64)

8.22 (1.80)

Pelvic tilt (°)

17.34 (3.85)

13.68 (3.85)

16.08 (5.38)

16.75 (8.25)

17.08 (5.59)

19.13 (5.64)

19.67 (5.46)

Pelvic rotation (°)

11.12 (4.06)

10.16* (3.74)

11.04 (3.62)

13.08 (2.90)

10.15* (2.27)

11.72 (3.29)

11.03* (3.09)

Hip abduction-adduction (°)

10.19 (2.51)

10.09 (1.98)

9.39** (2.10)

11.26 (3.19)

11.95 (3.47)

11.56 (1.69)

12.58 (3.70)

Hip flexion-extension (°)

57.36 (6.33)

53.82 (6.06)

52.70 (5.76)

56.58 (4.76)

56.72* (5.72)

55.94* (7.71)

48.42 (8.65)

Hip height variation (cm)

0.06 (0.01)

0.07** (0.01)

0.07 (0.01)

0.06 (0.01)

0.06 (0.01)

0.06 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

Knee valgus-varus alignment (°)

18.42 (3.73)

19.52 (4.56)

17.65 (5.51)

19.17 (5.44)

21.68 (4.46)

21.61 (4.42)

22.81 (7.42)

Knee flexion-extension (°)

52.45 (4.19)

50.66 (7.66)

50.33** (4.85)

50.53 (5.58)

47.97 (5.80)

47.75 (5.27)

46.38 (6.24)

Knee height variation (cm)

0.16 (0.13)

0.10 (0.02)

0.10 (0.04)

0.10 (0.07)

0.09 (0.05)

0.08 (0.04)

0.11 (0.09)

Ankle height variation (cm)

0.17 (0.04)

0.20** (0.03)

0.20 (0.09)

0.21 (0.06)

0.17 (0.02)

0.17 (0.02)

0.17 (0.05)