Effects of extended powered knee prosthesis stance time via visual feedback on gait symmetry of individuals with unilateral amputation: a preliminary study

Table 4 Perceived difficulty, additional temporal measures, and braking force

	Prescribed Prosthesis				Powered Prosthesis				ANOVA Results^*
	None	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	None	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Device Main Effect	Feedback Main Effect	Interaction Effect
Target-hitting accuracy (s)	-	0.07± 0.05	0.06± 0.05	0.06± 0.04	-	0.08± 0.08	0.07± 0.06	0.05± 0.03	0.833	0.624	0.352
Perceived Difficulty	1±1	3±2	3±1	4±1	2±2^c	3±1^b	4±1^ab	5±1^a	0.157	<0.001	0.639
Stride Time (s)
Prosthesis side	1.3±0.1	1.3±0.01	1.4±0.1	1.4±0.1	1.4±0.1^b	1.3±0.1^b	1.4±0.1^ab	1.5±0.1^a	0.243	0.003	0.959
Intact side	1.3±0.1	1.3±0.01	1.4±0.1	1.4±0.2	1.4±0.1^b	1.3±0.1^b	1.4±0.1^ab	1.5±0.1^a	0.183	0.003	0.973
Normalized Stance Time (% stride)
Prosthesis side	64±3	64±3	64±3	64±3	62±2	63±2	63±2	63±1	0.400	0.519	0.645
Intact side	71±2	71±1	70±1	68±1	72±2^a	71±2^a	71±2^ab	69±2^b	0.528	0.005	0.872
Normalized Swing Time (% stride)
Prosthesis side	36±3	36±3	36±3	36±3	38±2	37±2	37±2	37±1	0.400	0.519	0.645
Intact side	29±2	29±1	30±1	32±1	28±2^b	29±2^b	30±2^ab	31±2^a	0.405	0.007	0.749
Peak Braking Force (W/kg)
Prosthesis side	0.6±0.2	0.6±0.2	0.6±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.541	0.272	0.866
Intact side	1.0±0.3	0.9±0.3	1.0±0.3	1.0±0.3	1.2±0.2	1.1±0.2	1.2±0.2	1.3±0.2	0.397	0.056	0.732

^*Conditions without the same superscript letter (a-c) are significantly different with Tukey’s multiple comparisons adjustment (alpha = 0.05). No interaction effects were significant in this study, so all superscripts correspond to the feedback main effect and are included in only the powered prosthesis columns for simplicity

ISSN: 1743-0003