Effects of virtual reality-based planar motion exercises on upper extremity function, range of motion, and health-related quality of life: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

Characteristics	SB group (n = 12)	CON group (n = 13)	P-value
Demographic characteristics
Age, years	53.5 ± 13.0	51.5 ± 16.7	0.397 ^a
Sex, male	7 (53.8)	8 (61.5)	0.888 ^b
Dominant hand, right	13 (100)	10 (76.9)	0.220 ^b
Stroke characteristics
Ischemia	5 (38.5)	8 (61.5)	0.813 ^b
Time from stroke, days	982.3 ± 1473.3	533.5 ± 635.3	0.331 ^a
Clinical characteristics
MRC scale shoulder flexor	2.0 ± 0.0	2.2 ± 0.6	0.511 ^a
MRC scale shoulder extensor	2.5 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.9	0.287 ^a
MRC scale elbow flexor	1.8 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.8	0.920 ^a
MRC scale elbow extensor	2.0 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.9	0.579 ^a
FMA-total score	16.8 ± 7.3	19.9 ± 9.9	0.448 ^a

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%)
SB Smart Board intervention, CON Conventional intervention, MRC Medical Research Council, FMA Fugl–Meyer assessment
^a Mann–Whitney U test, ^b Fisher’s exact test

ISSN: 1743-0003