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Table 1 Foot drop FES systems

From: Advances in neuroprosthetic management of foot drop: a review

Devices

Sensors

Transcutaneous/Implanted

# of Channels

Assistance

Muscles/nerves

Open-loop systems: Research prototypes

 Haugland et al. [42]

FSRs

Implanted

2

Dorsiflexion

Peroneal nerve

 Kottink et al. [43, 44]

FSRs

Implanted

2

Dorsiflexion, eversion

Peroneal nerve

 ShefStim [45,46,47,48,49]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

64

Dorsiflexion, eversion

Multiple muscles

 Perumal et al. [50]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Flexor-extensor muscles

 Sabut et al. [51]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Peroneal and anterior tibial nerve

 ExoStim [52, 53]

Inertial

Transcutaneous

8

Dorsiflexion

Unspecified

 BIONic WalkAide [54]

Tilt sensor

Implanted

1

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

 Ismail et al. [55]

Inertial

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Peroneal nerve

 Watanabe et al. [56]

Inertial

Transcutaneous

1

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

 Compex Motion [57,58,59,60]

FSR + Inertials

Transcutaneous

4

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

 Gait MyoElectric [61]

FSRs + Inertials

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Flexor-extensor muscles

 Runbot III and II [36]

FSRs + Inertials

Transcutaneous

8

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris

 Do et al. [62]

EEG

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Peroneal nerve

 NeuroStep [63, 64]

Neural clamps of electrodes

Implanted

2

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

Closed-loop systems: Research prototypes

 Chen et al. [65]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

1

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior muscle

 DeltaStim [66]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion and eversion

Peroneal and anterior tibial nerves

 APeroStim [67,68,69,70,71,72]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion, eversion and inversion

Tibialis muscle and fibularis longus

 Duo-STIM [73, 74]

FSRs + Inertials

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Unspecified

 Li et al. [75,76,77,78]

EMG

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis or medial gastrocnemius muscles

 RehaMove Pro [79]

Inertial + EMG

Transcutaneous

4

Dorsiflexion

Unspecified

 Nahrstaedt et al. [80]

Electrodes to measure bioimpedance

Transcutaneous

4

Dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexors muscles

Combined systems

 O’Keeffe et al. [13]

FSRs, Inertials, EMG and electrogoniometers

Unspecified

2

Dorsiflexion

Unspecified

 Melo et al. [81]

FSRs + Inertials

Transcutaneous

2a

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Flexor-extensor muscles

Open-loop systems: Commercial prototypes

 MyGait [82]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Peroneal nerve

 Odstock [83,84,85]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

1

Dorsiflexion

Unspecified

 NESS L300 [86,87,88,89]

FSRs

Transcutaneous

2

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

 STIMuSTEP [90, 91]

FSRs

Implanted

2

Dorsiflexion, eversion

Peroneal nerve

 ActiGait [73, 92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100]

FSRs

Implanted

4

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Peroneal nerve, tibial and peroneal muscles

 FESIA WALK [101, 102]

IMUs

Transcutaneous

Multi-pad

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

 WalkAide [103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]

Tilt sensor

Transcutaneous

1

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve

  1. a Note: the system is reported to be modular and can scale up the number of sensors