From: Advances in neuroprosthetic management of foot drop: a review
Devices | Sensors | Transcutaneous/Implanted | # of Channels | Assistance | Muscles/nerves |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Open-loop systems: Research prototypes | |||||
Haugland et al. [42] | FSRs | Implanted | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Peroneal nerve |
FSRs | Implanted | 2 | Dorsiflexion, eversion | Peroneal nerve | |
FSRs | Transcutaneous | 64 | Dorsiflexion, eversion | Multiple muscles | |
Perumal et al. [50] | FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Flexor-extensor muscles |
Sabut et al. [51] | FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Peroneal and anterior tibial nerve |
Inertial | Transcutaneous | 8 | Dorsiflexion | Unspecified | |
BIONic WalkAide [54] | Tilt sensor | Implanted | 1 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve |
Ismail et al. [55] | Inertial | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Peroneal nerve |
Watanabe et al. [56] | Inertial | Transcutaneous | 1 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve |
FSR + Inertials | Transcutaneous | 4 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve | |
Gait MyoElectric [61] | FSRs + Inertials | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Flexor-extensor muscles |
Runbot III and II [36] | FSRs + Inertials | Transcutaneous | 8 | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris |
Do et al. [62] | EEG | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Peroneal nerve |
Neural clamps of electrodes | Implanted | 2 | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve | |
Closed-loop systems: Research prototypes | |||||
Chen et al. [65] | FSRs | Transcutaneous | 1 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior muscle |
DeltaStim [66] | FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion and eversion | Peroneal and anterior tibial nerves |
FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion, eversion and inversion | Tibialis muscle and fibularis longus | |
FSRs + Inertials | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Unspecified | |
EMG | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis or medial gastrocnemius muscles | |
RehaMove Pro [79] | Inertial + EMG | Transcutaneous | 4 | Dorsiflexion | Unspecified |
Nahrstaedt et al. [80] | Electrodes to measure bioimpedance | Transcutaneous | 4 | Dorsiflexion | Dorsiflexors muscles |
Combined systems | |||||
O’Keeffe et al. [13] | FSRs, Inertials, EMG and electrogoniometers | Unspecified | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Unspecified |
Melo et al. [81] | FSRs + Inertials | Transcutaneous | 2a | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Flexor-extensor muscles |
Open-loop systems: Commercial prototypes | |||||
MyGait [82] | FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Peroneal nerve |
FSRs | Transcutaneous | 1 | Dorsiflexion | Unspecified | |
FSRs | Transcutaneous | 2 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve | |
FSRs | Implanted | 2 | Dorsiflexion, eversion | Peroneal nerve | |
FSRs | Implanted | 4 | Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion | Peroneal nerve, tibial and peroneal muscles | |
IMUs | Transcutaneous | Multi-pad | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve | |
Tilt sensor | Transcutaneous | 1 | Dorsiflexion | Tibialis anterior and peroneal nerve |