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Table 2 Details of studies assessing validity for spatiotemporal (ST), kinematic (KIN), and other biomechanical outcomes (OTHER)

From: Validity and reliability of wearable inertial sensors in healthy adult walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Year

Ref

n

Age

ST

KIN

OTHER

Sensor

Hz

Gold Standard System

Abhayasinghe

2019

[20]

19

*

 

X

 

MPU-9150 (InvenSense)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Al-Amri

2018

[21]

25

35

 

X

 

Xsens MTw (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

60

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Allseits

2017

[23]

11

32

X

  

3D gyroscope (no manufacturer listed)

50

Instrumented Walkway (Matscan, Tekscan, Inc., Boston, MA)

Allseits

2018

[22]

11

32

X

  

3D gyroscope (no manufacturer listed)

*

Instrumented Walkway (Matscan, Tekscan, Inc., Boston, MA)

Aminian

2004

[24]

9

63

X

X

 

Physilog (BioAGM, CH)

200

Motion Capture Camera System and Force Plates (ELITE System, BTS, Milan, Italy)

Atallah

2014

[25]

14

40

X

  

3D accelerometer (no manufacturer listed)

130

Instrumented Treadmill (h/p/cosmos, Munich, Germany)

Backhouse

2013

[26]

12

42

X

  

IDEEA (MiniSun LLC., Fresno, CA)

*

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Ben Mansour

2015

[28]

10

29

X

  

MMA8453Q (Freescale Semiconductor); L3G4200D (STMicroelectronics)

200

Instrumented Treadmill (ADAL 3D, Medical Development, Tecmachine Hef, France)

Benoussaad

2016

[29]

10

27

X

  

HikoB Fox (HikoB Villeurbanne, France)

200

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Bertoli

2018

[30]

80

74

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Instrumented Walkway (Zeno Walkway, Prokinetics LLC., Havertown, PA)

Bolink

2016

[31]

17

26

 

X

 

Microstrain Inertia-Link

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Bruijn

2010

[32]

9

*

  

X

PI-node (Philips, The Netherlands)

50

Motion Capture Camera System (Optotrak 3020, NDI, Waterloo, ON)

Buganè

2012

[33]

22

24/27

X

  

Free4Act (F4A)

50

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Byun

2016

[34]

82

69

X

  

FITMETER (FitLifeInc, Suwon, Korea)

32

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Chalmers

2014

[35]

11

22

 

X

 

ADXL345 (Analog Devices); LPR450 (STMicroelectronics)

60

Motion Capture Camera System (No Brand Reported)

Chapman

2019

[36]

2

50

 

X

 

APDM

128

Motion Capture Camera System (OptiTrack, Natural Point, Inc., Corvallis, OR)

Cole

2014

[38]

24

71/23

  

X

Inertial Cube3 (InterSense Inc., Bedford, MA, USA)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Cooper

2009

[39]

7

30

 

X

 

IMU (no manufacture/model reported)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Qualisys, Sweden)

Dalton

2013

[40]

10

57

X

 

X

AD_BRC

250

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Del Din

2016

[41]

30

67

X

  

Axivity AX3, UK

50

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Esser

2009

[42]

5

23

  

X

Xsens MTx (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Qualisys, Göteborg, Sweden)

Furrer

2015

[43]

22

27

  

X

Smartphone: Desire HD, HTC Corp, Taiwan

50

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK); Force Plates (OR 6, AMTI, Watertown, MA)

Godfrey

2015

[44]

40Y/37O

29/64

X

  

Axivity AX3, UK

100

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Gonzalez

2016

[45]

5Y/5O

24/68

X

  

LPMS-B (LP Research, Japan)

*

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Greene

2012

[47]

7

*

X

  

Shimmer (Shimmer Sensing, Dublin, IR)

102

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Greene

2010

[48]

9

30

X

  

Shimmer (Shimmer Sensing, Dublin, IR)

102

Motion Capture Camera System (CODA Motion Analysis Leicestershire, UK)

Hartmann

2009

[51]

23

77

X

  

DynaPort (McRoberts BV, Hague, Netherlands)

100

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Huang

2016

[54]

13

30

 

X

 

Invensense MPU6050 (San Jose, CA)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Hundza

2014

[55]

7

30

X

  

Microelectromechanical systems (no manufacture listed)

40

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Jarchi

2014

[56]

10

*

X

  

E-AR Sensor (Sensixa Ltd., London, UK)

130

Instrumented Treadmill (Gaitway, Kistler Instrument Corp, Amherst, US)

Karatsidis

2019

[57]

11

31

 

X

 

Xsens MVm (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

240

Motion Capture Camera System (Qualisys, Göteborg, Sweden); Force Plates (OR 6, AMTI, Watertown, MA)

Kitagawa

2016

[59]

10

23

X

  

TSND121 (ATR-Promotions, Japan)

200

Motion Capture Camera System (Motion Analysis Corp, Rohnert Park, CA)

Köse

2012

[61]

9

31

X

  

Sensorize (FreeSense ApS, Denmark)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (BTS, Milan, Italy)

Lebel

2017

[62]

20

50

 

X

 

IGS-180 (Synertial; Inertial Labs)

60

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

L’Hermette

2008

[63]

15

23

X

 

X

ADXL105-EM3 (Analog Devices)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Liu

2009

[65]

8

25

  

X

MM-2860 (Sunhayato, Japan)

*

Motion Capture Camera System (NAC Image Technology, Tokyo, Japan)

Lord

2008

[66]

11

73

X

  

Vitaport Activity Monitor (TEMEC Instruments Inc., Netherlands)

25

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Maffiuletti

2008

[68]

10

34

X

  

IDEEA (MiniSun LLC, Fresno, CA)

32

Force Plates (Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland)

Manor

2018

[69]

14

30

X

  

iPhone 4 s (Apple, CA)

100

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Mariani

2012

[70]

12

32

X

  

Physilog (BioAGM, CH)

200

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Mariani

2013

[71]

10

*

X

  

Physilog (BioAGM, CH)

200

Pressure Insoles (Pedar-X, Novel, DE)

McGrath

2012

[72]

5

*

X

  

Shimmer (Shimmer Sensing, Dublin, IR)

102

Motion Capture Camera System (CODA Motion Analysis, Leicestershire, UK)

Ohtako

2001

[75]

6

*

 

X

 

ADXL05 (Analog Devices); ENC03J (Murata)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK); Force Plates (OR 6, AMTI, Watertown, MA)

Pepa

2017

[77]

11

*

X

  

iPhone 4 s (Apple, CA)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (ELITE System, BTS, Milan, Italy)

Sabatini

2015

[79]

9

30

  

X

BMA180 (Bosch); ITG-3200 (InvenSense); HMC5843 (Honeywell)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Saremi

2006

[80]

8

*

X

  

IDEEA (MiniSun LLC, Fresno, CA)

32

Pressure Insoles (B&L Engineering, Los Angeles, CA)

Schmitz-Hübsch

2016

[81]

9

50

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Sejdic

2015

[82]

14

74

X

  

MMA7260Q (Freescale Semiconductor)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (OptiTrack, Natural Point, Inc., Corvallis, OR)

Selles

2005

[83]

10

29

X

  

ICSensors 3021 (ICSensors Inc., Fremont, CA)

500

Force Plates (Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland)

Sijobert

2015

[85]

10

*

X

  

HikoB Fox (HikoB Villeurbanne, France)

200

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Silsupadol

2017

[86]

34

23/74

X

  

Vivo X5 (Android 4.4.4)

100

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Steins

2014

[87]

10

26

  

X

iPod Touch 4th generation (Apple, CA)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Qualisys, Sweden)

Storm

2016

[88]

10

28

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Pressure Insoles (F-Scan 3000E, Tekscan, Inc., Boston, MA)

Teufl

2019

[89]

24

*

X

  

Xsens MTw Awinda (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

60

Motion Capture Camera System (OptiTrack, Natural Point, Inc., Corvallis, OR)

Teufl

2018

[90]

28

24

 

X

 

Xsens MTw Awinda (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

60

Motion Capture Camera System (OptiTrack, Natural Point, Inc., Corvallis, OR)

Trojaniello

2014

[91]

14

32

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK); Force Plates (OR 6, AMTI, Watertown, MA)

Trojaniello

2014

[92]

10

70

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Trojaniello

2015

[93]

10

70

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

128

Instrumented Walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., Franklin, NJ)

Washabaugh

2017

[96]

11

24

X

  

Opal (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc., Portland, OR)

*

Instrumented Treadmill (Bertec, Columbus, OH)

Wundersitz

2015

[97]

39

24

  

X

Minimax S4 (Catapult Innovations, Australia)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Motion Analysis Corp, Rohnert Park, CA)

Xia

2017

[98]

14

25

 

X

 

MPU9150 (Invensense, USA)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK)

Zhang

2013

[99]

10

24

 

X

 

Xsens MVm (Xsens Technologies BV, Netherlands)

100

Motion Capture Camera System (Optotrak 3020, NDI, Waterloo, ON)

Zijlstra

2003

[101]

15

23

X

  

Kistler accelerometer

100

Instrumented Treadmill (No Brand Reported)

  1. *Information not reported