Fig. 2

Comparison of the immediate effects of BCI interventions and control interventions on upper extremity motor function. The change in scores and standard deviations (SD) of both BCI and control groups in the 12 included studies were pooled and the overall effect of the BCIs was computed as a standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval. The results indicated that BCI training was significantly effective at improving upper extremity function SMD = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.18–0.66; I2 = 48%; P < 0.001; fixed-effects model)