Fig. 6
A comparison of the long-term effects of BCI interventions and control interventions on upper extremity motor function. The inputted data consisted of the change in scores between baseline and follow-up. Five studies followed up with patients from between 6 weeks to six-to-12 months. Ang et al. followed up with subjects twice after the intervention, after 6 weeks and after 18 weeks [48]. Our meta-analysis indicated that BCIs did not show any significant differential effects compared with control interventions when we used the follow-up data from Ang et al.’s study at 6 weeks [48] (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI = − 0.28 – 0.52; I2 = 0%; P = 0.540; fixed-effects model)