A comparison of the effects and usability of two exoskeletal robots with and without robotic actuation for upper extremity rehabilitation among patients with stroke: a single-blinded randomised controlled pilot study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

	ACT group (n = 10)	PSV group (n = 9)	p-value
Age	54.9 ± 10.7	53.9 ± 16.7	0.842^a
Time after stroke onset (month)	11.8 ± 11.0	9.6 ± 4.5	0.905^a
Stroke type (infarction/haemorrhage)	5/5	4/5	1.000^*
Hemiplegic side, right	6	5	1.000^*
Sex, male	8	8	1.000^*
FMA-prox	20.6 ± 5.0	22.2 ± 6.2	0.497^a
FMA-UE	28.2 ± 10.9	30.2 ± 9.7	0.549^a

Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number
ACT, active-assistive robotic intervention; PSV, passive robotic intervention; FMA-prox, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-proximal (shoulder, elbow, and forearm; 18 items, 0–36); FMA-UE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremity (shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand; 33 items, 0–66)
^*Fisher’s exact test
^aMann–Whitney U test

ISSN: 1743-0003