Effects of robot therapy on upper body kinematics and arm function in persons post stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Change scores (post-training change from baseline) of clinical outcome measures for Robot group (R_Group) and Control group (C_Group)

Outcome measure	R_Group	C_Group	Between-group difference	P-value	Cohen’s d
Outcome measure	(N = 19) Mean (SD)	(N = 19) Mean (SD)	(R_Group-C_Group)^a Mean (95% CI)	P-value	Mean (95% CI)
Primary
FM-UE (0–66)^b	7.0 (6.3)	6.2 (9.3)	2.4 (−2.3 to 7.1)	0.311	0.35 (−0.29 to 0.99)
Secondary
P_FM-UE (0–42)^b	3.6 (4.3)	3.7 (5.7)	1.6 (−1.8 to 5.0)	0.339	0.33 (−0.31 to 0.97)
D_FM-UE (0–24) ^b	2.7 (3.6)	2.4 (4.5)	1.0 (−1.5 to 3.5)	0.441	0.26 (−0.38 to 0.90)
RPS (0–36) ^b	4.1 (5.2)	3.2 (8.1)	2.1 (−2.2 to 6.4)	0.328	0.34 (−0.31 to 0.98)
P_MAS (0–8) ^c	−0.5 (1.3)	0.2 (1.2)	−0.9 (−1.6 to − 0.2)	0.018	−0.83 (− 1.49 to − 0.17)
D_MAS (0–12) ^c	−0.1 (2.1)	0.2 (1.7)	−0.4 (− 1.5 to 0.7)	0.499	− 0.22 (− 0.87 to 0.41)
FIM (18–126) ^b	9.3 (5.8)	8.7 (11.6)	2.3 (−3.6 to 8.2)	0.439	0.27 (− 0.37 to 0.90)

SD standard deviation, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval, FM_UE Fugl-Meyer motor assessment for the Upper Extremities, P_FM-UE and D_FM-UE proximal and distal portion of FM-UE, RPS Reaching Performance Scale, MAS Modified Ashworth Scale, P_MAS and D_MAS MAS for proximal and distal muscles, FIM Functional Independence Measure. P-values indicate the results of the comparison between R_Group and C_Group (analysis of covariance, ANCOVA)
^aAdjusted for baseline score by ANCOVA
^bHigher scores indicate better performance
^cLower scores indicate better performance

ISSN: 1743-0003