Fig. 9

The effect of adaptation on the baseline grip force and the modulation between grip force and load force. a Mean and ± SE across participants of baseline grip force for the three groups of g = − 100 (red), g = 0 (yellow), and g = 100 (blue). Solid lines and dashed regions are for force-field trials, and markers and error bars are for force channel trials. Shaded gray regions indicate the trials that were used for the statistical analysis. b Mean and ± SE of the last three force channel trials (dashed bar) and all force-field trials that were performed between these force channel trials (solid bar). Colors are as in (a), and the dots represents the data from each participant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. c and d are as in (a) and (b) for the modulation between grip force and load force