Fig. 5

Patterns of muscle activation following perturbations while walking. Description of muscle activation patterns arranged by 3-D rectangles, representing groups of shoulder abductors (blue), posterior muscles (orange) and anterior muscles (green). Clear and opaque rectangles indicate, respectively, muscles in the ipsilateral or contralateral side of perturbation (i.e., side of early foot contact during perturbation). Average values shown from all participants for onset latency and duration of activation (“Activation period” axis), and for activation magnitude (vertical axis). (Additional file 4: Table S2) details the values of EMG parameters during walking conditions. *: p-values observed within the main factors characterizing the ANOVA statistical analysis (see text and Additional file 6 for more details)