| Condition | Pre | Post | Differencea | 95% CI of the difference | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy participants | No VR | 87 (9) | 95 (9) | 8 (13) | [4, 12] | 3.7 | .001* |
Semi-immersive VR | 88 (10) | 91 (11) | 3 (13) | [8, − 1] | 1.6 | .122 | |
Immersive VR | 89 (8) | 91 (14) | 2 (15) | [7, − 3] | 0.8 | .432 | |
Patients | No VR | 75 (17) | 84 (18) | 9 (18) | [− 1, 19] | 1.9 | .082 |
Semi-immersive VR | 74 (17) | 77 (23) | 3 (18) | [− 7, 13] | 0.7 | .524 | |
Immersive VR | 79 (21) | 77 (13) | − 2 (19) | [− 12, 9] | -0.3 | .747 |