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Table 3 Means (and standard deviations) of the heart rates measured before and after each condition

From: Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke

 

Condition

Pre

Post

Differencea

95% CI of the difference

t

p

Healthy participants

No VR

87 (9)

95 (9)

8 (13)

[4, 12]

3.7

.001*

Semi-immersive VR

88 (10)

91 (11)

3 (13)

[8, − 1]

1.6

.122

Immersive VR

89 (8)

91 (14)

2 (15)

[7, − 3]

0.8

.432

Patients

No VR

75 (17)

84 (18)

9 (18)

[− 1, 19]

1.9

.082

Semi-immersive VR

74 (17)

77 (23)

3 (18)

[− 7, 13]

0.7

.524

Immersive VR

79 (21)

77 (13)

− 2 (19)

[− 12, 9]

-0.3

.747

  1. CI Confidence interval
  2. aDifference = Heart rate post—Heart rate pre
  3. *Significant p-values (p < .05) of main effects are marked with asterisks