Fig. 1

Experimental setup. a EEG and EMG acquisition. A participant sat on a chair. EEG and EMG (right TA) signals were simultaneously collected by the amplifier. The participant fixed gaze on the screen in front of them throughout the task and was asked to relax. b Experimental paradigm. A cross-shaped mark appeared at the center of the computer screen to remind the participants to pay attention. After 2 s, a right arrow appeared, prompting the participant to dorsiflexion of the right ankle and maintain this state for 50 s. c Denoised EEG and EMG signals