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Table 2 The comparisons between before and after treatment in 4-channel and 2-channel NMES groups

From: Clinical effectiveness of the sequential 4-channel NMES compared with that of the conventional 2-channel NMES for the treatment of dysphagia in a prospective double-blind randomized controlled study

 

Pre-treatment vs post-treatment

 

4ch NMES participants

2ch NMES participants

 

Pre-Tx session

Post-Tx session

p-value

Pre-Tx session

Post-Tx session

p-value

VDS

      

Lip closure

1.0 ± 1.0

0.6 ± 0.9

0.13

0.7 ± 0.9

0.6 ± 0.8

0.58

Bolus formation

3.4 ± 1.1

3.0 ± 0.9

0.08

3.1 ± 1.6

2.3 ± 1.7

0.03

Mastication

3.5 ± 1.5

2.7 ± 2.0

0.07

1.8 ± 1.9

1.6 ± 2.2

0.56

Apraxia

1.1 ± 1.1

0.7 ± 0.8

0.03

1.4 ± 1.1

1.1 ± 1.0

0.10

Tongue to palate contact

4.6 ± 1.8

3.3 ± 2.0

0.03*

2.7 ± 2.1

2.5 ± 1.9

0.66

Premature bolus loss

3.1 ± 1.0

2.3 ± 0.8

0.02*

2.3 ± 1.2

2.2 ± 0.9

0.48

Oral transit time

2.8 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.8

0.046*

2.3 ± 1.2

2.5 ± 1.2

0.32

Trigger of pharyngeal swallow

4.3 ± 0.7

3.4 ± 1.5

0.06

3.7 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 1.6

0.16

Vallecular residue

3.6 ± 1.4

2.6 ± 1.1

0.01*

3.2 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 0.8

0.08

Laryngeal elevation

7.9 ± 2.8

7.1 ± 3.0

0.16

7.0 ± 2.4

6.6 ± 2.4

0.32

Pyriform sinus residue

6.9 ± 3.5

6.0 ± 3.9

0.26

5.5 ± 1.9

5.1 ± 1.8

0.32

Coat on the pharyngeal wall

7.9 ± 2.8

6.8 ± 3.0

0.08

6.1 ± 3.0

4.9 ± 3.2

0.08

Pharyngeal transit time

5.0 ± 1.5

5.0 ± 1.5

1.00

4.4 ± 2.5

4.1 ± 2.4

0.56

Aspiration

8.8 ± 3.9

5.3 ± 3.4

0.01*

7.1 ± 4.9

5.1 ± 4.9

0.11

Oral score

19.3 ± 4.5

14.8 ± 4.4

0.003*

14.4 ± 6.8

12.7 ± 6.5

0.029*

Pharyngeal score

44.3 ± 12.7

36.1 ± 11.7

0.005*

36.9 ± 10.7

31.8 ± 11.1

0.018*

Total score

63.7 ± 15.1

50.9 ± 14.4

0.005*

51.4 ± 15.7

44.5 ± 15.8

0.00*

PAS

5.7 ± 2.2

3.6 ± 1.9

0.01*

4.4 ± 2.7

3.4 ± 2.8

0.054

MDADI

      

Global

35.0 ± 25.8

45.0 ± 25.8

0.059

44.0 ± 22.7

56.0 ± 22.7

0.131

Emotional

60.6 ± 18.5

69.7 ± 17.0

0.012*

61.3 ± 10.4

71.7 ± 13.4

0.011*

Functional

60.0 ± 18.8

67.7 ± 15.9

0.034*

64.4 ± 14.9

73.2 ± 9.8

0.084

Physical

59.4 ± 14.9

67.3 ± 16.7

0.016*

58.0 ± 7.5

65.3 ± 13.8

0.042*

FOIS

1.8 ± 1.5

3.4 ± 1.4

0.00*

3.4 ± 1.6

3.9 ± 1.8

0.11

Likert scale

 

3.2 ± 1.2

  

3.3 ± 0.8

 
  1. NMES neuromuscular electrical stimulation, VDS videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale, PAS penetration aspiration scale, MDADI M.D. Anderson dysphagia inventory, FOIS functional oral intake scale
  2. *P < 0.05
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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