Table 3 Group means (SD) for the kinematic variables
Kinematic variables | Non-disabled (n = 44) | Stroke (n = 8) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Dominant arm | Non-dominant arm | More affected arm | |
Temporal and end-point kinematics | |||
Total movement time (MT) (s) | 6.0 (0.9) | 6.2 (0.9) | 8.2 (2.2) |
MT reaching (s) | 0.99 (0.17) | 0.98 (0.17) | 1.19 (0.39) |
MT forward transport (s) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.8) |
MT drinking (s) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.6) |
MT back transport (s) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.3) | 2.3 (1.0) |
MT returning (s) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) |
Number of movement units total (NMU) | 5.7 (0.9) | 6.2 (0.7) | 10.8 (4.5) |
NMU phase 1&2 | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) | 4.7 (2.5) |
NMU phase 4&5 | 3.5 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.6) | 6.1 (2.3) |
Peak velocity (mm/s) | 651 (116) | 632 (91) | 560 (85) |
Time to peak velocity (%) | 41 (6) | 42 (8) | 42 (5) |
Peak elbow angular velocity (°/s) | 99 (23) | 105 (22) | 68 (26) |
Angular and displacement kinematics (arm and trunk) | |||
Shoulder abduction reaching (°) | 24.2 (6.5) | 22.0 (6.2) | 26.3 (7.0) |
Shoulder abduction drinking (°) | 32.1 (10.6) | 28.6 (9.7) | 37.7 (14.7) |
Shoulder flexion reaching (°) | 43.4 (6.0) | 43.2 (5.8) | 41.7 (8.6) |
Shoulder flexion drinking (°) | 49.8 (6.5) | 49.9 (5.8) | 52.3 (9.0) |
Elbow extension reaching (°) | 55 (7) | 54 (8) | 63 (14) |
Elbow flexion drinking (°) | 135 (5) | 135 (5) | 132 (5) |
Wrist angle (°) | 28 (6) | 30 (6) | 30 (5) |
Inter-joint coordination, r | − 0.96 (0.05) | − 0.97 (0.04) | − 0.73 (0.62) |
Trunk displacement (mm) | 33 (15) | 35 (17) | 70 (58) |