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Table 1 Previous studies on intermuscular coordination of the upper limb after a stroke

From: Alterations in intermuscular coordination underlying isokinetic exercise after a stroke and their implications on neurorehabilitation

Task constraints

Study

Design

Free (unconstrained)

movement

Cheung et al. (2012) [10]

Chronic stroke

Seven virtual reality tasks or ballistic movements toward 12 targets in the 3-D space

Affected limb (N = 31; FMA-UE: 0 ~ 66/66) vs. Unaffected limb

Garcia-Cossio et al. (2014) [11]

Chronic stroke

Six arm and hand movements

Affected limb (N = 33; FMA-Hand: 0 ~ 11/24; Ashworth: 0 ~ 29/56) vs. Unaffected limb

Assisted

(constrained)

movement

Tropea et al. (2013) [12]

Subacute stroke

Horizontal movement toward eight targets assisted by a therapeutic robot

Stroke survivor (N = 6; FMA-UE: 8 ~ 36/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 10)

Scano et al. (2018) [13]

Chronic stroke

Hand-to-mouth movement in 3-D space assisted by a therapeutic robot

Affected limb without assist (N = 22; FMA-UE: 12 ~ 64/66) vs. Affected limb with assist

Runnalls et al. (2019) [14]

Chronic stroke

Reaching toward 14 targets in 3-D space with varying level of weight support

Stroke survivor (mild impairment; N = 7; FMA-UE: 56 ~ 66/66) vs. Stroke survivor (moderate-severe impairment; N = 6; FMA-UE: 9 ~ 45/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 6)

Static (isometric)

strengthening

Roh et al. (2013, 2015) [15, 16]

Chronic stroke

End-point force generation along 54 directions in the 3-D space at fixed posture (by holding the stationary force sensing handle)

Stroke survivor (mild impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 50 ~ 66/66) vs. Stroke survivor (moderate impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 29 ~ 45/66) vs. Stroke survivor (severe impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 12 ~ 23/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 8)