Task constraints | Study | Design |
---|---|---|
Free (unconstrained) movement | Cheung et al. (2012) [10] | Chronic stroke Seven virtual reality tasks or ballistic movements toward 12 targets in the 3-D space Affected limb (N = 31; FMA-UE: 0 ~ 66/66) vs. Unaffected limb |
Garcia-Cossio et al. (2014) [11] | Chronic stroke Six arm and hand movements Affected limb (N = 33; FMA-Hand: 0 ~ 11/24; Ashworth: 0 ~ 29/56) vs. Unaffected limb | |
Assisted (constrained) movement | Tropea et al. (2013) [12] | Subacute stroke Horizontal movement toward eight targets assisted by a therapeutic robot Stroke survivor (N = 6; FMA-UE: 8 ~ 36/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 10) |
Scano et al. (2018) [13] | Chronic stroke Hand-to-mouth movement in 3-D space assisted by a therapeutic robot Affected limb without assist (N = 22; FMA-UE: 12 ~ 64/66) vs. Affected limb with assist | |
Runnalls et al. (2019) [14] | Chronic stroke Reaching toward 14 targets in 3-D space with varying level of weight support Stroke survivor (mild impairment; N = 7; FMA-UE: 56 ~ 66/66) vs. Stroke survivor (moderate-severe impairment; N = 6; FMA-UE: 9 ~ 45/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 6) | |
Static (isometric) strengthening | Chronic stroke End-point force generation along 54 directions in the 3-D space at fixed posture (by holding the stationary force sensing handle) Stroke survivor (mild impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 50 ~ 66/66) vs. Stroke survivor (moderate impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 29 ~ 45/66) vs. Stroke survivor (severe impairment; N = 8; FMA-UE: 12 ~ 23/66) vs. The neurologically intact (N = 8) |