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Table 5 Means and 95% confidence intervals of each measurement in the EMG parameters as well as the probabilities and estimated effect sizes in the statistical analyses. Differences with statistical significance are denoted by * (P ≤ 0.05), ** (P ≤ 0.01), and *** (P ≤ 0.001)

From: Home-based self-help telerehabilitation of the upper limb assisted by an electromyography-driven wrist/hand exoneuromusculoskeleton after stroke

EMG parameters

Pre

Post

Change (\(+/-\))

Paired-sample t test

Mean (95% Confidence interval) (%)

P-value

Cohen's d

Normalized EMG activation level

 APB

10.8 (7.61 to 14.1)

6.25 (3.60 to 8.91)

− 4.59 (− 6.95 to − 2.23)

0.001***

− 0.83

 ECU-ED

9.84 (7.45 to 12.2)

7.44 (5.20 to 9.68)

− 2.40 (− 5.78 to 0.98)

0.17

− 0.30

 FCR-FD

6.52 (4.73 to 8.32)

3.21 (2.26 to 4.16)

− 3.31 (− 4.72 to − 1.90)

 < 0.001***

− 1.00

 BIC

7.71 (5.92 to 9.49)

6.12 (4.89 to 7.36)

− 1.58 (− 3.45 to 0.28)

0.11

− 0.36

 TRI

7.05 (3.89 to 10.20)

5.77 (3.32 to 8.23)

− 1.27 (− 4.81 to 2.26)

0.48

− 0.15

Normalized CI

 APB/ ECU-ED

7.19 (4.65 to 9.72)

4.94 (2.56 to 7.32)

− 2.25 (− 5.49 to − 0.99)

0.18

− 0.30

 APB/ FCR-FD

5.98 (4.10 to 7.86)

2.58 (1.64 to 3.51)

− 3.41 (− 5.25 to − 1.57)

0.001***

− 0.79

 APB/BIC

5.82 (4.24 to 7.40)

2.91 (2.17 to 3.64)

− 2.91 (− 4.65 to − 1.18)

0.003**

− 0.72

 APB/ TRI

6.04 (3.16 to 8.91)

4.56 (2.26 to 6.85)

− 1.48 (− 4.59 to 1.63)

0.35

− 0.20

 ECU-ED/FCR-FD

5.34 (3.83 to 6.86)

2.69 (1.89 to 3.48)

− 2.65 (− 4.14 to − 1.17)

0.002**

− 0.76

 ECU-ED/BIC

4.97 (4.14 to 5.81)

3.60 (2.81 to 4.40)

− 1.37 (− 2.48 to − 0.26)

0.022*

− 0.53

 ECU-ED/TRI

4.18 (3.09 to 5.26)

3.88 (2.39 to 5.37)

− 0.30 (− 1.73 to 1.14)

0.684

− 0.09

 FCR-FD/BIC

4.37 (3.15 to 5.59)

2.42 (1.75 to 3.08)

− 1.95 (− 3.04 to − 0.87)

0.002**

− 0.77

 FCR-FD/ TRI

3.80 (2.59 to 5.01)

2.17 (1.42 to 2.92)

− 1.62 (− 2.67 to − 0.58)

0.005**

− 0.67

 BIC/TRI

6.64 (4.80 to 8.49)

4.59 (3.54 to 5.63)

− 2.06 (− 3.92 to − 0.19)

0.039*

− 0.47