Fig. 1

Autonomy in Activities of Daily Living (ADL): Distribution of Likert scale responses, ranging from “completely autonomous” (5) to “completely non-autonomous [fully dependent]” (1) for each task in a) MPK and b) NMPK users. Significance (p) and common language effect size (f) reported for Mann–Whitney U Test (α = 0.05). *: Aggregate autonomy computed as the median (IQR) of each subject’s median autonomy across all constituent ADL