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Table 1 Subjects characteristics and study design of studies included in the review

From: Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review

Patients characteristics

Study design

Healthy controls (number)

References

Number/sex/age (years)

Time since stroke

Stroke etiology and location

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

Observational

Interventional

Interventions/groups

Evaluations schedule (days)

BL

1.FU

2.FU

19/Na/69 ± 10

Acute phase

19 i/10sc, 9c/6r, 13 l

 

  

0

   

Nascimbeni et al. [60]

8 m, 8f/58 ± 18

 < 1 day

19 i/19c/8r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

365

 

20

Delvaux et al. [61]

7 m, 3f/37–80

1–5 days

19i/6sc, 4c/5r, 5 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Freundlieb et al. [62]

12 m, 9f/72 ± 3

1–5 days

16i, 5 h/6sc, 13c, 1na/7r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Trompetto et al. [37]

7 m, 5f/70 ± 10

5 ± 3 days

12i/3sc, 9c/3r, 9 l

 

 

Na

0

  

12

Di Lazzaro et al. [63]

8 m, 17f/53 ± 10

5 ± 3 days

25i/18sc, 8c/11r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Du et al. [27]

14 m, 6f/65 ± 11

5 ± 3 days

20i/sc,c/na

 

 

(1) Anodal tDCS

0

5

33

 

Sattler et al. [30]

(2) Sham tDCS

48 m, 12f/55 ± 11

5 ± 4 days

60i/46sc, 14c/28r, 33 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Du et al. [64]

15 m, 16f/64 ± 14

6 (1–18) days

31i/14sc, 17c/12r, 19 l

 

 

Na

0

  

29

Huynh et al. [28]

17 m, 9f/67 ± 13

7 ± 4 days

26i/21sc, 5c/22r, 4 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Volz et al. [65]

39 m, 44f/43–66

8 ± 2 days

83i/na/na

 

 

(1) CIMT

0

14

  

El Helow et al. [66]

(2) CT

10 m, 6f/69 ± 7

10 days

16i/na/10r, 6 l

 

 

(1) 1 Hz rTMS

0

45

90

 

Blesneag et al. [67]

(2) Sham rTMS

6/na/18–80

10 ± 3 days

6i/4sc, 2c/4r, 2 l

 

 

Na

0

90

180

 

Birchenall et al. [68]

6 m, 4f/58 ± 16

10 ± 4 days

10i/4sc, 6c/8r, 2 l

 

 

Na

0

30

180

 

Swayne et al. [34]

26 m, 14f/58 ± 9

13 ± 5 days

40i/14sc, 26c/22r, 18 l

 

 

(1) Anodal tDCS

0

7

  

Khedr et al. [69]

(2) Cathodal tDCS

(3) Sham tDCS

10 m, 8f/59 ± 3

 < 4 weeks

18i/5sc, 13c/9r, 9 l

 

 

Na

0

  

13

Bütefisch et al. [70]

24 m, 7f/37 ± 8

14 days

31i/31sc/12r, 19 l

 

 

Na

0

14

28

 

Prashanta et al. [71]

13 m, 8f/60 ± 12

16 ± 5 days

9i, 12 h/na/16r, 5 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Lee et al. [72]

13 m, 4f/60 ± 10

25 days

na/8sc, 8c, 1na/11r, 6 l

 

 

(1) Virtual reality training

0

14

44

 

Yarossi et al. [73]

10 m, 12f/62 ± 14

27 ± 12 days

18i, 4 h/na/10r, 12 l

 

 

(1) 1 Hz rTMS + AO

0

10

  

Noh et al. [74]

(2) 1 Hz rTMS

16 m, 8f/64 ± 11

27 ± 7 days

10i, 14 h/24sc/na

 

 

Na

0

90

365

25

Takechi et al. [75]

6 m, 8f/68 ± 10

30 days

14i/7sc, 7c/5r, 7 l

 

 

Na

0

30

  

Lioumis et al. [76]

8 m, 2f/67 ± 7

30 ± 6 days

2i, 8 h/3sc, 7c/4r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

  

10

Cincinelli et al. [77]

6 m, 4f/72 ± 8

30 ± 12 days

9i, 1 h/8sc, 2c/4r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Lüdemann-Podubecká et al. [78]

10 m, 7f/66 ± 15

31 ± 20 days

14i, 3 h/4sc, 13c/10r, 7 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Veldema et al. [38]

16 m, 12f/62 ± 14

32 ± 15 days

na/sc, c/16r, 12 l

 

 

Na

0

28

  

Platz et al. [79]

13 m, 7f/58 ± 11

34 ± 13 days

20i/11sc, 9c/8r, 12 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Renner et al. [80]

11 m, 4f/55 ± 18

34 ± 9 days

9i, 6 h/12sc, 3c/7r, 7 l, 1na

 

 

Na

0

  

15

Kim et al. [22]

6 m, 4f/60 ± 6

37 ± 15 days

10i/7sc, 3c/5r, 5 l

 

 

(1) TBS

0

1

 

10

Khan et al. [81]

(2) NMES

(3) TBS + NMES

11 m, 9f/64 ± 12

37 ± 17 days

15i, 5 h/11sc, 9c/11r, 9 l

 

 

Na

0

90

120

 

Traversa et al. [82]

9 m, 9f/62 ± 10

38 days

18i/18sc/14r, 4 l

 

 

Na

0

  

11

Renner et al. [83]

26 m, 14f/63 ± 9

40 ± 24 days

35i, 5 h/14sc, 26c/23r, 17 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Seniòw et al. [84]

6 m, 8f/67 ± 12

43 ± 12 days

11i, 3 h/6sc, 8c/6r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

  

14

Brouwer et al. [25]

5 m, 4f/55 (42–68)

43 days

9i/7sc, 2c/3r, 6 l

 

 

(1) PT

0

0

1

 

Liepert et al. [85]

12 m, 6f/61 ± 12

35–60 days

na/10sc, 8c/3r, 16 l

 

 

Na

0

63

 

20

Cincinelli et al. [26]

2 m, 6f/76 ± 14

52 ± 37 days

4i, 4 h/4sc, 4c/3r, 5 l

 

 

Na

0

60

  

Matsura et al. [86]

9 m, 9f/70 ± 10

54 ± 44 days

na/8sc, 10c/11r, 7 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Veldema et al. [44]

16 m, 8f/50 ± 12

71 ± 39 days

15i, 8 h, 1ih/14sc, 10c/13r, 11 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Tarri et al. [87]

11 m, 6f/64 ± 10

73 ± 15 days

na/5sc, 12c/7r, 10 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Cincinelli et al. [88]

5 m, 3f/60 ± 13

83 ± 56 days

8i/8sc/2r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

  

8

Liepert et al. [89]

6 m, 3f/62 ± 10

3 ± 1 months

8i, 1 h/5sc, 4c/7r, 2 l

 

 

Na

0

28

 

9

Grau-Sánchez et al. [90]

26 m, 14f/63 (57–71)

4 (1–59) months

40i, 24sc, 16c/20r, 20 l

 

 

Na

0

  

24

Kemlin et al. [91]

11 m, 9f/72 ± 13

 < 6 months

20i/11sc, 9c/11r, 9 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Schambra et al. [92]

15 m, 6f/62 ± 9

 > 6 months

21i/12sc, 9c/6r, 15 l

 

 

Na

0

   

38 m, 10f/63 ± 12

5 ± 4 months

48i/22sc, 23c, 3na/na

 

 

(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS

0

28

120

 

Wang et al. [45]

(2) iTBS + 1 Hz rTMS

(3) sham

13/na/58 ± 4

3–9 months

13i/na/na

 

 

Na

0

14

28

 

Sawaki et al. [123]

26/na/58 ± 4

 > 3 months

26i/na/na

 

 

(1) 3–9 months since stroke

0

14

134

 

Sawaki et al. [93]

(2) > 12 months since stroke

Patients characteristics

Study design

Evaluations schedule (days)

Healthy controls (number)

References

Number/sex

Time since stroke

Stroke etiology and location

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

Observational

Interventional

Groups

BL

1.FU

2.FU

17 m, 7f/61 ± 13

6 ± 12 months

24i/10sc, 14c/17r, 7 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Theilig et al. [94]

26 m, 16f/59 ± 11

7 ± 6 months

na/na/28r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Chervyakov et al. [95]

41 m, 13f/63 ± 13

8 ± 2 months

35i, 19 h/35sc, 19c/na

 

 

(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS

(2) sham rTMS + iTBS

(3) 1 Hz rTMS + sham iTBS

(4) sham rTMS + sham iTBS

0

14

28

 

Sung et al. [96]

17 m, 9f/64 ± 12

6–18 months

Na/26sc/12r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

  

20

Pennisi et al. [97]

36/na/66 ± 7

 > 6 months

36i/sc, c/na

 

 

Na

0

   

Borich et al. [24]

5 m, 7f/26–75

14 ± 9 months

Na (6sc, 6c/6r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Bastings et al. [40]

13 m, 9f/64 ± 9

17 ± 7 months

22i/3sc, 19c/8r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Cakar et al. [23]

6 m, 4f/56 ± 11

17 ± 15 months

7i,3 h/na/4r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Shiner et al. [31]

6 m, 3f/52 ± 9

18 ± 6 months

9i/9sc/9 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Braun et al. [98]

6 m, 4f/61 ± 8

6–48 months

na/na/na

 

 

Na

0

  

10

Cruz Martínez et al. [99]

6 m, 1f/66 ± 9

23 ± 13 months

5i, 2 h/5sc, 2c/2r, 5 l

 

 

Na

0

21

  

Chouinard et al. [100]

7 m, 6f/69 ± 8

23 ± 16 months

10i, 3 h/13sc/4r, 9 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Ackerley et al. [101]

13 m, 7f/53 ± 14

27 ± 18 months

20i/na/8r, 12 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Takeuchi et al. [35]

10 m, 2f/57 ± 12

28 ± 30 months

12i/12sc/10r, 2 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Bestmann et al. [41]

15 m, 6f/54 ± 12

29 ± 38 months

na/8sc, 13c/9r, 12 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Stinear et al. [33]

7 m, 3f/59 ± 15

30 ± 25 months

na/na/6r, 4 l

 

 

(1) OT

0

28

58

 

Koski et al. [21]

15 m, 5f/59 ± 9

6–74 months

na/12sc, 8c/9r, 11 l

 

 

Na

0

28

  

Amangual et al. [124]

2 m, 4f/58 ± 15

31 ± 38 months

6i/3sc, 3c/1r, 5 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Talelli et al. [102]

13 m, 3f/64 (41–81)

33 (12–86) months

16i/na/2r, 14 l

 

 

(1) CIMT

(2) control

0

10

  

Wittenberg et al. [103]

12 m, 8f/61 ± 6

38 ± 38 months

Na/na/6r, 14 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Milot et al. [104]

15 m, 3f/67 ± 2

40 ± 6 months

Na/12sc, 6c/5r, 13 l

 

 

Na

0

  

17

Guder et al. [42]

7 m, 5f/60 ± 11

40 ± 25 months

Na/6sc, 6c/4r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

12

  

Liepert et al. [105]

17 m, 13f/65 ± 9

40 ± 27 months

Na/8sc, 21c/17r, 13 l

 

 

(1) PT

(2) RMV + PT

0

7

14

 

Marconi et al. [106]

17 m, 6f/56 ± 14

43 ± 63 months

23i/23sc/15r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Thickbroom et al. [36]

50 m, 32f/68 (42–90)

43 (5–227) months

82i/na /82 l

 

 

Na

0

90

270

 

Edwards et al. [20]

6 m, 3f/40 ± 5

44 ± 8 months

9i/2sc, 7c/1r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Conforto et al. [107]

11 m, 8f/66 ± 11

45 ± 36 months

19i/13sc, 6c/11r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Palmer et al. [16]

4 m, 5f/57 ± 17

50 ± 41 months

9i/sc, c/5r, 4 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Von Lewinski et al. [108]

8 m, 4f/62 ± 10

51 ± 30 months

12i/12c/6r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Carey et al. [109]

8 m, 5f/66 ± 10

52 ± 39 months

13i/13sc/7r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

  

12

Gray et al. [110]

50 m, 20f/60 ± 12

57 ± 63 months

i, h/na/38r, 32 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Kuppuswamy et al. [111]

8 m, 3f/66 ± 9

57 ± 52 months

9i, 2 h/5sc, 6c/3r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Cassidy et al. [112]

4 m, 6f/62 ± 12

4.8 ± 5.5 years

10i/7sc, 3c/6r, 4 l

 

 

Na

0

14

28

 

Restemeyer et al. [113]

11 m, 1f/71 ± 9

5.0 ± 4.4 years

na/1sc, 11c/7r, 5r

 

 

Na

0

  

16

Mooney et al. [114]

10 m, 8f/62 ± 12

5.1 ± 1.0 years

18i/10sc, 8c/8r, 10 l

 

 

Na

0

  

18

Buetefisch et al. [115]

10 m, 4f/48–91

5.1 ± 3.8 years

14i/na/na

 

 

Na

0

   

Silverstein et al. [32]

17 m, 10f/61 ± 8

5.6 ± 4.0 years

na/27sc/14r, 13 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Takeuchi et al. [116]

10 m, 3f/57 ± 10

5.9 ± 4.7 years

13i/10sc, 3c/2r, 11 l

 

 

Na

0

40

194

 

Liepert et al. [117]

19 m, 5f/65 ± 9

6.0 ± 5.1 years

na/14sc, 8c/na

 

 

Na

0

  

11

Mang et al. [43]

14 m, 6f/62 ± 14

6.2 ± 2.7 years

20i/13sc, 7c/12r, 8 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Werhahn et al. [39]

9 m, 4f/66 ± 9

6.2 ± 3.6 years

na/8sc, 4c/6r, 7 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Miller et al. [29]

26 m, 6f/61 ± 8

6.8 ± 3.5 years

20i, 12 h/na/12r, 20 l

 

 

Na

0

   

Liu et al. [118]

6 m, 2f/59 ± 9

7.3 ± 7.5 years

na/6sc, 2c/4r, 4 l

 

 

Na

0

28

  

Liepert et al. [119]

22 m, 5f/61 ± 8

7.6 ± 2.3 years

17i, 10 h/na/9r, 18 l

 

 

Na

0

  

15

Liu et al. [120]

6 m, 8f/62 ± 16

8.0 ± 11.3 years

9i, 5 h/7sc, 7c/8r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

  

14

Brouwer et al. [25]

11 m, 5f/59 ± 10

10.0 ± 6.0 years

na/na/6r, 10 l

 

 

Na

0

  

9

Lewis et al. [121]

5 m, 5f/16 ± 6

16 ± 6 years

na /sc, c/4r, 6 l

 

 

Na

0

  

8

Berweck et al. [122]

  1. AO, action observation; c, cortical involvement; BL, baseline; CIMT, constraint induced movement therapy; f, female; h, hemorrhagic; Hz, hertz; I, ischemic; iTBS, intermittent theta burst stimulation; l, left; m, male; na, not available, not applicable; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; OT, occupational therapy; PT, physiotherapy; r, right; RMV, repeated muscle vibration; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; sc, subcortical; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; (i)TBS, (intermittent) theta burst stimulation; 1. FU, first follow-up; 2. FU, second follow-up