Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review

Veldema, Jitka; Nowak, Dennis Alexander; Gharabaghi, Alireza

doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00947-8

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 2 Motor function of the affected and the non-affected hand (means) and laterality quotients (means) of studies included in the review

From: Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review

Test (units)	Interventions/groups	Baseline			1. Follow up			2. Follow up			1. Follow up—baseline changes			2. Follow up—baseline changes			References
Test (units)	Interventions/groups	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	References
MI (UL) (score)	Na	100	10	82													Nascimbeni et al. [60]
MRC (score)	Na	5.0	0.7	75	5.0	4.0	11				0.0	3.3	−64				Delvaux et al. [61]
FM (score)	Na	66	44	20													Freundlieb et al. [62]
SSS hand (score)	Na	6.0	1.1	69													Trompetto et al. [37]
NIHSS (UL) (score)	Na	0.0	1.9	100													Di Lazzaro et al. [63]
FM (score)	Na	66	34	32													Du et al. [27]
FM (score)	(1) Anodal tdcs	66	47	17	66	54	10	66	60	5	0	7	−7	0	13	−12	Sattler et al. [30]
FM (score)	(2) Sham tdcs	66	49	15	66	58	6	66	61	4	0	9	−8	0	12	−11	Sattler et al. [30]
FM (score)	Na	66	28	40													Du et al. [64]
FM (score)	Na	66	50	14													Huynh et al. [28]
Grip strength (N)	Na	65	25	44													Volz et al. [65]
FM (score)	(1) CT	66	36	29	66	37	28				0	1	−1				El Helow et al. [66]
FM (score)	(2) CIMT	66	32	35	66	50	14				0	18	−21				El Helow et al. [66]
FM (score)	(1) Sham rTMS	66	32	35	66	38	27	66	42	22	0	6	−8	0	10	−12	Blesneag et al. [67]
FM (score)	(2) 1 Hz rTMS	66	29	39	66	43	21	66	45	19	0	14	−18	0	16	−20	Blesneag et al. [67]
FM (score)	Na	66	15	63	66	50	14	66	46	18	0	35	−49	0	31	−45	Birchenall et al. [68]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	34	25	57	45	12	57	51	6	0	11	−14	0	17	−20	Swayne et al. [34]
MRC (score)	(1) Anodal tdcs	5.0	1.5	54	5.0	3.3	20				0.0	1.8	−33				Khedr et al. [69]
	(2) Cathodal tdcs	5.0	2.0	43	5.0	3.4	19				0.0	1.4	−24
	(3) Sham tdcs	5.0	1.5	54	5.0	2.4	35				0.0	0.9	−19
MI (UL) (score)	Na	100	63	23													Bütefisch et al. [70]
MRC (score)	Na	5.0	0.0	100	5.0	2.7	30	5.0	2.6	32	0.0	2.7	−70	0.0	2.6	−68	Prashanta et al. [71]
FM (score)	Na	66	23	48													Lee et al. [72]
FM (score)	(1) VRT	66	24	47	66	35	31	66	46	18	0	11	−16	0	22	−29	Yarossi et al. [73]
FM (score)	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + AO	66	28	40	66	40	25				0	12	−16				Noh et al. [74]
FM (score)	(2) 1 Hz rTMS	66	21	52	66	31	36				0	10	−16				Noh et al. [74]
FM (score)	Na	66	30	38	66	44	20	66	45	19	0	14	−18	0	15	−19	Takechi et al. [75]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	48	9	57	50	7				0	2	−2				Lioumis et al. [76]
CNS (UL) (score)	Na	4.5	1.1	61													Cincinelli et al. [77]
JTHFT (sec)	Na	6.39	10.41	24													Lüdemann-Podubecká et al. [46]
WMFT (score)	Na	70	32	37													Veldema et al. [44]
FM (score)	Na	66	24	47	66	36	29				0	12	−17				Platz et al. [79]
MI (UL) (score)	Na	100	62	23													Renner et al. [80]
FM (score)	Na	66	55	9													Kim et al. [22]
NHPT (time)	(1) TBS	36	22	24	34	22	21				−2	0	−3				Khan et al. [81]
	(2) NMES	36	22	24	34	21	24				−2	−1	−1
	(3) TBS + NMES	36	21	26	30	21	18				−6	0	−9
CNS (UL) (score)	Na	4.5	0.5	80	4.5	0.9	67	4.5	1.0	64	0.0	0.4	−13	0.0	0.5	−16	Traversa et al. [82]
RMA (score)	Na	15.0	11.8	12													Renner et al. [83]
WMFT (score)	Na	75	38	33	75	48	22	75	55	15	0	10	−11	0	17	−17	Seniòw [84]
MAS (UL) (score)	Na	68	24	48													Brouwer et al. [25]
FAT (score)	(1) PT	5	3.8	14	5	3.8	14	5	3.8	14	0	0	0	0	0.0	0	Liepert et al. [119]
CNS (UL) (score)	Na	4.50	0.36	85													Cincinelli et al. [26]
FM (score)	Na	66	52	12	66	58	6				0	6	−5				Matsura et al. [86]
WMFT (score)	Na	70	31	39													Veldema et al. [44]
FM (score)	Na	66	23	48													Tarri et al. [87]
MI (UL) (score)	Na	100	72	16													Cincinelli et al. [88]
Grip strength (N)	Na	75	62	9													Liepert et al. [89]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	38	20	57	46	11				0	8	−9				Grau-Sánchez et al. [90]
FM (score)	Na	66	52	12													Kemlin et al. [91]
MRC (score)	(1) < 6 months	5.0	4.4	6													Schambra et al. [92]
MRC (score)	(2) > 6 months	5.0	4.0	11													Schambra et al. [92]
WMFT (score)	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS	75	30	43	75	38	33	75	40	30	0	8	−10	0	10	−12	Wang et al. [45]
	(2) iTBS + 1 Hz rTMS	75	31	42	75	35	36	75	37	34	0	4	−5	0	6	−8
	(3) sham	75	31	42	75	32	40	75	31	42	0	1	−1	0	0	0
WMFT (sec)	Na	0.48	1.30	46	0.43	1.20	47	0.45	1.26	47	−0.05	−0.10	1	−0.03	−0.04	1	Sawaki et al. [123]
WMFT (min)	(1) 3–9 months	0.36	1.17	53	0.32	0.88	47	0.42	0.96	39	−0.04	−0.29	−6	0.06	−0.21	−14	Sawaki et al. [93]
WMFT (min)	(2) > 12 months	0.42	1.24	49	0.39	1.18	50	0.31	1.21	59	−0.03	−0.06	1	−0.11	−0.03	10	Sawaki et al. [93]
WMFT (score)	Na	75	15	67													Theilig et al. [94]
FM (score)	Na	66	32	35													Chervyakov et al. [95]
WMFT (score)	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS	75	31	42	75	33	39	75	39	32	0	2	−3	0	8	−10	Sung et al. [96]
WMFT (score)	(2) Sham rTMS + iTBS	75	31	42	75	31	42	75	33	39	0	0	0	0	2	−3
WMFT (score)	(3) 1 Hz rTMS + sham iTBS	75	33	39	75	40	30	75	35	36	0	7	−8	0	2	−3
WMFT (score) (sham + sham)	(4) Sham rTMS + sham iTBS	75	31	42	75	31	42	75	32	40	0	0	0	0	1	−1
NHPT (time)	Na	17	19	3													Pennisi et al. [97]
B&B (score)	Na	55	29	31													Borich et al. [24]
MI (UL) (score)	Na	33	25	14													Bastings et al. [40]
MI (UL) (score)	Na	100	57	27													Cakar et al. [23]
FM (score)	Na	66	55	9													Shiner et al. [31]
MRC (score)	Na	5.0	4.2	9													Braun et al. [98]
CNS (UL) (score)	Na	4.5	2.2	34													Cruz-Martínez et al. [99]
MAL (score)	Na	5.0	2.6	32	5.0	3.9	12				0.0	1.3	−19				Chouinard et al. [100]
FM (score)	Na	66	41	23													Ackerley et al. [101]
FM (score)	Na	66	45	19													Takeuchi et al. [35]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	48	9													Bestmann et al. [41]
FM (score)	Na	66	16	61													Stinear et al. [33]
FM (score)	Na	66	36	29	66	42	22	66	45	19	0	6	−7	0	9	−10	Koski et al. [21]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	42	15	57	47	10				0	4	−5				Amengual et al. [124]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	51	6													Talelli et al. [102]
MAL (score)	(1) CIMT	5.0	1.1	64	5.0	2.2	39				0.0	1.1	−25				Wittenberg et al. [103]
MAL (score)	(2) Control	5.0	1.3	59	5.0	1.3	59				0.0	0.0	0				Wittenberg et al. [103]
FM (score)	Na	66	52	12													Milot et al. [104]
FM (score)	Na	66	57	7													Guder et al. [42]
MAL (score)	Na	5.0	2.2	39	5.0	3.0	25				0.0	0.8	−14				Liepert et al. [105]
WMFT (score)	(1) PT	75	40	30	75	42	28	75	43	27	0	2	−2	0	3	−3	Marconi et al. [106]
	(2) RMV + PT	75	38	33	75	46	24	75	53	17	0	8	-9	0	15	−16
Grip strength (N)	Na	40	37	3													Thickbroom et al. [36]
FM (score)	Na	66	25	45	66	33	33	66	34	32	0	8	−12	0	9	−13	Edwards et al. [20]
FM (score)	Na	66	63	2													Conforto et al. [107]
FM (score)	Na	66	50	14													Palmer et al. [16]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	8	75													Von Lewinski et al. [108]
FM (score)	Na	66	39	26													Carey et al. [109]
FM (score)	Na	66	51	13													Gray et al. [110]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	56	1													Kuppuswamy et al. [111]
FM (score)	Na	66	46	18													Cassidy et al. [112]
ARAT (score)	Na	57	54	3	57	54	3	57	54	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	Restemeyer et al. [113]
FM (score)	Na	66	48	16													Mooney et al. [114]
JTHFT (min)	Na	0.16	0.49	51													Buetefisch et al. [115]
FM (score)	Na	66	33	33													Silverstein et al. [32]
FM (score)	Na	66	52	12													Takeuchi et al. [116]
MAL (score)	Na	5.0	2.2	39	5.0	3.7	15				0.0	1.5	−24				Liepert et al. [117]
FM (score)	Na	66	41	23													Mang et al. [43]
FM (score)	Na	66	44	20													Werhahn et al. [39]
FM (score)	Na	66	30	38													Miller et al. [29]
FM (score)	Na	66	58	6													Liu et al. [118]
MAL (score)	Na	5.0	2.3	37	5.0	3.0	25				0.0	0.7	−12				Liepert et al. [119]
FM (score)	Na	66	59	6													Liu et al. [120]
MAS (UL) (score)	Na	68	46	19													Brouwer et al. [25]
FM (score)	Na	60	31	32													Lewis et al. [121]
MACS (score)	Na	1.0	1.8	29													Berweck et al. [122]

A, affected hand; AO, action observation; ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; B&B, Box and Block Test; CIMT, constraint induced movement therapy; CNS, Canadian Neurological Scale; CT, conventional treatment; FAT, Frenchay Arm Test; FM, Flugl Meyer assessment; Hz, hertz; iTBS, intermittent theta burst stimulation; JTHFT, Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test; LQ, laterality quotient; MACS, Manual Ability Classification System; MAL, Motor Activity Log; MAS, Motor Assessment Scale; MI, Motoricity Index; min, minute; MRC, British Medical Research Council; N, Newton; NA, non affected hand; NHPT, Nine Hole Peg Test; NIHSS, National Institutes of Helth Stroke Scale; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; PT, physiotherapy; RMA, Rivermead Motor Assessment; RMV, repeated muscle vibration; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; sec, second; SSS, Scandinavian Stroke Scale; TBS, theta burst stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; UL, upper limb; VRT, virtual reality training; WMFT, Wolf Motor Function Test

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