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Table 5 Results of mixed-design ANOVA on magnitude and dissimilarity, in comparing the drawing on the tablet with the joint movements

From: Proximal and distal movement patterns during a graphomotor task in typically developing children and children with handwriting problems

Factor

F

p

Comparison (when significant)

Magnitude

Orientation

F(1,30) = 6.175

0.019

Vertical (0.410 ± 0.111) < Horizontal (0.499 ± 0.197)

Joint

F(4,120) = 97.020

<0.001

Fingers (0.996 ± 0.370) > Wrist (0.596 ± 0.230) >Elbow (0.396 ± 0.200) > [Shoulder (0.170 ± 0.119), Upper back (0.121 ± 0.097)]

Task

F(1,30) = 5.846

0.022

Copying (0.416 ± 0.183) < Tracing (0.492 ± 0.168)

Shape

F(2,60) = 1.561

0.218

 

Group

F(1,30) = 0.009

0.927

 

Orientation * Group

F(1,30) = 0.097

0.757

 

Joint * Group

F(4,120) = 0.622

0.648

 

Task * Group

F(1,30) = 0.684

0.415

 

Shape * Group

F(2,60) = 0.421

0.658

 

Orientation * Joint

F(4,120) = 2.107

0.084

 

Orientation * Task

F(1,30) = 0.211

0.650

 

Orientation * Shape

F(2,60) = 1.674

0.196

 

Joint * Task

F(4,120) = 3.192

0.016

Only Fingers [Copying (0.946 ± 0.635) < Tracing (1.039 ± 0.281)] and Wrist [Copying (0.487 ± 0.203) < Tracing (0.700 ± 0.340)] different. Others not different: Elbow [Copying (0.357 ± 0.225), Tracing (0.428 ± 0.241)],

Shoulder [Copying (0.169 ± 0.136±), Tracing (0.171 ± 0.134±)]

Upper back [Copying (0.122 ± 0.113), Tracing (0.122 ± 0.110)]

Joint * Shape

F(8,240) = 1.955

0.053

 

Task * Shape

F(1,30) = 2.741

0.073

 

Dissimilarity

Orientation

F(1,30) = 2.990

0.094

 

Joint

F(4,120) = 64.772

<0.001

[Fingers (7.5 ± 1.6), Wrist (11.0 ± 3.5)] <Elbow (15.3 ± 4.7) <

[Shoulder (25.7 ± 10.4), Upper back (29.4 ± 14.8)]

Task

F(1,30) = 2.734

0.109

 

Shape

F(2,60) = 6.686

0.002

Circle (19.1 ± 6.5) > [Square (16.9 ± 7.8), Triangle (17.2 ± 6.1)]

Group

F(1,30) = 8.091

0.008

Control (26.4 ± 4.7) < Research (33.9 ± 11.2)

Orientation * Group

F(1,30) = 0.033

0.858

 

Joint * Group

F(4,120) = 4.632

0.002

No difference for Fingers [Control (7.1 ± 1.3), Research (7.9 ± 1.8)],

Wrist [Control (10.5 ± 3.0), Research (11.6 ± 4.0)],

Elbow [Control (14.9 ± 4.5), Research (16.2 ± 4.8)].

Shoulder [Control (21.4 ± 5.6) < Research (31.5 ± 11.7)]

Upper back [Control (25.2 ± 9.6) < Research (34.5 ± 18.1)]

Task * Group

F(1,30) = 5.218

0.030

Trace: no difference

[Control (15.7 ± 3.6), Research (19.2 ± 7.1)]

Copy:

[control (16.0 ± 3.6) < Research (21.3 ± 7.9)]

Shape * Group

F(2,60) = 0.186

0.831

 

Orientation * Joint

F(4,120) = 3.444

0.011

Upper back: Horizontal (24.4 ± 14.6) < Vertical (34.3 ± 21.0)

Other joints: no difference:

shoulder: [Horizontal (23.6 ± 12.3), Vertical (28.1 ± 14.4)]

elbow: [Horizontal (15.4 ± 5.9), Vertical (15.2 ± 5.2)]

wrist: [Horizontal (10.6 ± 4.2), Vertical (11.3 ± 4.4)]

fingers: [Horizontal (7.6 ± 2.0), Vertical (7.5 ± 2.2)]

Orientation * Task

F(1,30) = 0.010

0.920

 

Orientation * Shape

F(2,60) = 0.845

0.435

 

Joint * Task

F(4,120) = 0.884

0.476

 

Joint * Shape

F(8,240) = 0.818

0.517

 

Task * Shape

F(1,30) = 11.581

<0.001

Triangle: copy (21.0 ± 10.9) < trace (13.6 ± 3.5)

Other shapes: no difference:

circle: [copy (17.2 ± 8.2), trace (20.8 ± 8.0)]

square: [copy (16.8 ± 5.9), trace (17.3 ± 11.6)]

  1. Three-way interactions (all non-significant except for joint * shape * task for both tasks, and orientation * joint * task for relative ellipse area) and four-way interactions (all non-significant) are not shown