Table 3 Linear mixed model results on kinematics for the factor movement task across subjects
| Â | All movements | Gesture movements | Grasp movements | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Trunk displacement in cm | 5.2 (4.3–7.3) | 2.9 (2.2–3.6) | 7.1 (6.1–8.2) | p < 0.001* |
Shoulder flex/ext in degrees | 52.1 (45.0–60.2) | 76.1 (70.3–81.8) | 66.5 (62.4–70.6) | p < 0.001* |
Shoulder abd/add in degrees | 17.9 (15.7–24.0) | 26.7 (24.3–29.3) | 29.3 (27.5–31.0) | p = 0.035* |
Elbow flex/ext in degrees | 55.7 (46.3–63.8) | 71.3 (65.3–77.4) | 92.33 (89.0–95.6) | p < 0.001* |
Forearm pro/sup in degrees | 42.5 (31.5–54.8) | 54.1 (49.1–59.1) | 65.5 (58.2–66.9) | p = 0.008* |
Wrist flex/ext in degrees | 33.3 (23.6–41.7) | 21.1 (19.2–23.0) | 33.2 (30.0–36.3) | p < 0.001* |
Movement time in seconds | 6.7 (5.5–8.4) | 3.43 (3.17–3.69) | 7.05 (6.46–7.64) | p < 0.001* |
Peak velocity in m/s | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 1.99 (1.81–2.18) | 1.22 (1.13–1.31) | p < 0.001* |
NVP | 63.2 (49.6–77.2) | 21.0 (17.8–24.2) | 58.0 (49.4–66.5) | p < 0.001* |
SPARC | − 4.2 (− 4.9 to (− 3.8)) | − 3.3 (− 3.5 to (− 3.1)) | − 3.6 (− 3.8 to (− 3.4)) | p = 0.023* |