A randomized clinical control study on the efficacy of three-dimensional upper limb robotic exoskeleton training in chronic stroke

Table 3 Changes in clinical outcome measures

Outcome measure	Group	Baseline	Changes after therapy	p of change within groups	p between groups at baseline	p of changes between groups	p ANOVA main effect
FM	CTR	26.7 ± 16.3	8.9 ± 17.6	< 0.01**	0.86	0.46	< 0.01**
FM	ROB	25.6 ± 12.3	11.1 ± 13.9	< 0.01**	0.86	0.46	< 0.01**
FM (proximal)	CTR	19.3 ± 11.0	2.6 ± 10.9	< 0.05*	0.74	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
FM (proximal)	ROB	18.0 ± 6.6	6.9 ± 7.8	< 0.01**	0.74	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
FM (distal)	CTR	7.5 ± 6.6	6.3 ± 8.0	< 0.01**	0.94	0.28	< 0.01**
FM (distal)	ROB	7.6 ± 6.2	4.2 ± 6.7	< 0.01**	0.94	0.28	< 0.01**
Ashworth	CTR	20.6 ± 9.8	1.4 ± 11.5	0.66	0.44	0.99	0.50
Ashworth	ROB	17.1 ± 11.5	1.5 ± 13.7	0.61	0.44	0.99	0.50
BAT timing	CTR	14.1 ± 3.7	− 2.2 ± 3.4	< 0.01**	0.05	< 0.01**	< 0.01**
BAT timing	ROB	17.3 ± 3.6	− 4.8 ± 3.7	< 0.01**	0.05	< 0.01**	< 0.01**
BAT quality	CTR	2.5 ± 1.1	0.6 ± 1.0	< 0.01**	0.35	0.20	< 0.01**
BAT quality	ROB	2.1 ± 0.8	0.9 ± 0.8	< 0.01**	0.35	0.20	< 0.01**
BAT timing pinch tasks	CTR	15.0 ± 4.5	− 2.2 ± 4.3	< 0.01**	0.05	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
BAT timing pinch tasks	ROB	18.8 ± 4.5	− 5.6 ± 4.4	< 0.01**	0.05	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
BAT quality pinch task	CTR	2.6 ± 1.0	0.5 ± 1.0	< 0.01**	0.18	0.06	< 0.01**
BAT quality pinch task	ROB	2.0 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.8	< 0.01**	0.18	0.06	< 0.01**
BAT timing power task	CTR	13.4 ± 3.3	− 2.5 ± 3.1	< 0.01**	0.12	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
BAT timing power task	ROB	15.9 ± 3.7	− 4.1 ± 3.7	< 0.01**	0.12	< 0.05*	< 0.01**
BAT quality power task	CTR	2.6 ± 1.0	0.4 ± 0.9	< 0.01**	0.25	0.08	< 0.01**
BAT quality power task	ROB	2.2 ± 0.8	0.9 ± 0.8	< 0.01**	0.25	0.08	< 0.01**

ISSN: 1743-0003