Table 2 Characteristics of studies investigating the effects of multiple sessions of rTMS
Study | N (E, C) | Chronicity | E intervention | C intervention | rTMS protocol | TMS measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khedr et al. (2005) | 26 | 26 | Acute | Ipsi-rTMS + Conv | Ipsi-Sham rTMS + Conv | ADM, 120% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 3 Hz, ITI of 50 s, 300 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: MEP presented or not |
Fregni et al. (2006) | 10 | 5 |  > 1 yr | Contra-rTMS | Contra-Sham rTMS | FDI, 100% rMT, 1 Hz, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: rMT |
Malcolm et al. (2007) | 9 | 10 |  ≥ 1 yr | Ipsi-rTMS + CIMT | Ipsi-Sham rTMS + CIMT | FDI, 90% rMT, trains of 40 pulses at 20 Hz, ITI of 28 s, 2000 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: rMT |
Pomeroy et al. (2007) | 6 | 7 | 1—12 wk | Ipsi-rTMS + VMC | Ipsi-Sham rTMS + VMC | Triceps, 120% rMT, trains of 40 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 3 min, 200 pulses, 8 sessions | MEP frequency |
4 | 7 | Ipsi-rTMS + Sham-VMC | Ipsi-Sham rTMS + Sham-VMC | ||||
Khedr et al. (2009) | 12 | 12 | 7—20 days | Contra-rTMS | Ipsi-Sham rTMS | Contra: FDI, 100% rMT, 1 Hz, 900 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: aMT, MEP |
12 | Ipsi-rTMS | Ipsi: FDI, 130% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 3Â Hz, ITI of 2Â s, 900 pulses, 5 sessions | |||||
Khedr et al. (2010) | 9 | 8 | 5—15 days | Ipsi-rTMS (3 Hz) | Ipsi-Sham rTMS | 3 Hz: FDI, 130% rMT, trains of 15 pulses at 3 Hz, 750 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, aMT, MEP |
9 | Ipsi-rTMS (10Â Hz) | 10Â Hz: FDI, 100% rMT, trains of 20 pulses at 10Â Hz, 750 pulses, 5 sessions | |||||
Theilig et al. (2011) | 12 | 12 | 2 w—58 mth | FNMS + Contra-rTMS | FNMS + Contra-sham rTMS | FDI, 100% rMT, 1 Hz, 900 pulses, 10 sessions | UH: MEP |
Avenanti et al. (2012) | 8 | 14 |  > 6 mth | Contra-rTMS + PT | Contra-Sham rTMS + PT | FDI, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 1500 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT; iSP (UH → AH) |
Wang et al. (2012) | 12 | 12 |  > 6 mth | Contra-rTMS + Trask training | Contra-Sham rTMS + Task training | Rectus femoris, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: MEP |
Di Lazzaro et al. (2013) | 4 | 4 |  ≥ 1 yr | Contra-cTBS + PT | Contra-Sham cTBS + PT | FDI, 80% aMT, cTBS, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, aMT, MEP |
Hsu et al. (2013) | 6 | 6 | 2—4 wk | Ipsi-iTBS + conv | Ipsi-Sham iTBS + conv | APB/ECR, 80% aMT, iTBS, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: aMT; AH: MEP |
Sung et al. (2013) | 15 | 14 | 3—12 mth | Contra-rTMS + ipsi-iTBS | Contra-Sham rTMS + ipsi-Sham | rTMS: FDI, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 600 pulses, 10 sessions iTBS: FDI, 80% aMT, iTBS, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |
12 | Contra-Sham rTMS + ipsi-iTBS | ||||||
13 | Contra-rTMS + ipsi-Sham iTBS | ||||||
Rose et al. (2014) | 9 | 10 |  > 6 mth | Contra-rTMS + Trask training | Contra-Sham rTMS + Trask training | ECR, 100% rMT, 1 Hz, 1200 pulses, 16 sessions | UH: rMT, SICI |
Wang et al. (2014a) | 16 | 14 | 3—12 mth | Contra-rTMS | Contra-Sham rTMS | FDI, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |
Wang et al. (2014b) | 17 | 16 | 2—6 mth | Contra-rTMS + ipsi-iTBS | Contra-Sham rTMS + ipsi-Sham iTBS | rTMS: FDI, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 600 pulses, 10 sessions iTBS: FDI, 80% aMT, iTBS, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |
15 | Ipsi-iTBS + Contra-rTMS | ||||||
Blesneag et al. (2015) | 8 | 8 | 10Â days | Contra-rTMS | Contra-Sham rTMS | APB, 120% rMT, 1Â Hz, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT |
Ludemann-Podubecka et al. (2015) | 20 | 20 |  < 6 mth | Contra-rTMS + standard treatment | Contra-Sham rTMS + standard treatment | FDI, 100% rMT, 1 Hz, 900 pulses, 15 sessions | UH: MEP |
Mello et al. (2015) | 9 | 9 | 5—45 days | Contra-rTMS | Contra-Sham rTMS | APB, 90% rMT, 1 Hz, 1500 pulses, 10 sessions | UH: rMT, SICI, ICF |
Srikumari et al. (2015) | 30 | 30 | 10 d—1 mth | Ipsi-rTMS + conv | Ipsi-Sham rTMS + conv | APB, 80% rMT, trains of 20 pulses at 10 Hz, ITI of 58 s, 160 pulses, 5 sessions | AH: rMT |
Du et al. (2016a) | 15 | 16 | 3—30 d days | Ipsi-rTMS + PT | Contra-Sham rTMS + PT | Ipsi: APB, 80—90% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 3 Hz, ITI of 10 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |
14 | Contra-rTMS + PT | Contra: APB, 110—120% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 2 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | |||||
Du et al. (2016b) | 12 | 10 |  < 2 mth | Ipsi-rTMS + conv | Contra-Sham rTMS + conv | Ipsi: mylohyoid, 90% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 3 Hz, ITI of 10 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: MEP |
9 | Contra-rTMS + conv | Contra: mylohyoid, 100% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 2 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | |||||
Volz et al. (2016) | 13 | 13 |  < 2 wk | Ipsi-iTBS (APB, M1) + PT | Ipsi-iTBS (parieto-occipital vertex) + PT | 70% aMT, iTBS, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: rMT, MEP |
Cha et al. (2017) | 10 | 10 |  < 6 mth | rTMS + exercise | Excise | Soleus, 90% rMT, trains of 100 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 2 s, 1000 pulses, 40 sessions | AH: MEP |
Guan et al. (2017) | 13 | 14 |  < 1 wk | Ipsi-rTMS | Ipsi-sham rTMS | ADM, 120% rMT, trains of 20 pulses at 5 Hz, ITI of 2 s, 1000 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: rMT |
Huang et al. (2018) | 18 | 20 | 10—90 days | Contra-rTMS + PT | Contra-sham rTMS + PT | Rectus femoris, 120% aMT, 1 Hz, 900 pulses, 15 sessions | UH: aMT, MEP |
Watanabe et al. (2018) | 8 | 6 |  < 7 days | Ipsi-iTBS + PT + OT | Ipsi-sham iTBS + PT + OT | FDI, 80% rMT, iTBS, 600 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: MEP |
7 | Contra-rTMS + PT + OT | FDI, 110% aMT, 1 Hz, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | |||||
Dos Santos et al. (2019) | 10 | 10 |  ≥ 6 mth | Contra-rTMS + PT | Contra-sham rTMS + PT | FDI, 110% rMT, 1 Hz, 1500 pulses, 10 sessions | UH: intensity inducing MEPs of 1 mv |
Du et al. (2019) | 12 | 12 |  < 2 wk | Ipsi-rTMS + PT | Contra-Sham rTMS + PT | Ipsi: APB, 100% rMT, trains of 40 pulses at 10 Hz, ITI of 40 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |
12 | Contra-rTMS + PT | Contra: APB, 100% rMT, trains of 120 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 40 s, 1200 pulses, 5 sessions | |||||
El-Tamawy et al. (2019) | 20 | 20 | 4.4—4.5 mth | Contra-rTMS + PT | PT | FDI, 90% aMT, 1 Hz, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: aMT |
Neva et al. (2019) | 12 | 12 |  ≥ 6 mth | Contra-cTBS | Contra-sham cTBS | Contra-ECR, 80% cTBS, 600 pulses | Bilateral: rMT, aMT, SICI, ICF; iSP (UH → AH), iSP (AH → UH) |
Wang et al. (2019) | 8 | 6 |  > 6 mth | Ipsi-rTMS + treadmill training | Ipsi-sham rTMS + treadmill training | Tibialis anterior, 90% rMT, trains of 60 pulses at 5 Hz, ITI of 48 s, 900 pulses, 9 sessions | Bilateral: MEP |
Zhang et al. (2019) | 16 | 14 |  < 2 mth | Ipsi-rTMS + NMES | Ipsi-sham rTMS + NMES | Ipsi: mylohyoid, 110% rMT, trains of 30 pulses at 3 Hz, ITI of 27 s, 900 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: MEP |
15 | Contra-rTMS + NMES | Contra: mylohyoid, 80% rMT, 1 Hz, 900 pulses, 10 sessions | |||||
Wang et al. (2020) | 15 | 15 | 2 w to 3 mth | Contra-HF-rTMS + PT + OT | Contra-sham HF-rTMS | APB, 100% rMT, trains of 10 pulses at 10 Hz, ITI of 10 s, 1000 pulses, 10 sessions | UH: MEP |
15 | Contra-LF-rTMS + PT + OT | APB, 100% rMT, trains of 10 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 3 s, 1000 pulses, 10 sessions | |||||
Hassan et al. (2020) | 12 | 8 | 5.76 (0.55) mth | Ipsi-rTMS | Sham-rTMS | FDI, 80% rMT, trains of 50 pulses at 10Â Hz, ITI of 25Â s, 1000 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: MEP |
9 | Contra-rTMS | FDI, 90% rMT, 1Â Hz, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | |||||
Ke et al. (2020) | 16 | 16 |  < 2 wk | Ipsi-rTMS + conv | Sham-rTMS + conv | ABP, 110% rMT, trains of 40 pulses at 20 Hz, ITI of 8 s, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | AH: MEP |
16 | Ipsi-rTMS + conv | ABP, 110% rMT, trains of 40 pulses at 20 Hz, ITI of 28 s, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | |||||
Gong et al. (2021) | 16 | 16 |  < 30 days | Contra-rTMS | Sham | Trains of 40 pulses at 1 Hz, ITI of 2 s, 1200 pulses, 10 sessions | Bilateral: rMT, MEP |