Fig. 3

Illustration of the ownership and agency measures: a Explicit ownership and agency are measured by administrating a questionnaire. b The proprioceptive drift measures the distance between where e.g., a rubber hand that the participant experiences ownership for is perceived compared to where the phantom hand is perceived. c The skin temperature measure aims to capture a skin temperature change due to increased assessed using e.g., a thermal camera. d The galvanic skin response measures increase in sweating in case e.g., a rubber hand that the participant experiences ownership for is under threat. e In the crossmodal effect, the time difference between congruent and incongruent feedback is assessed to implicitly measure ownership. f A tactile distance perception task implicitly evaluates ownership by administering sensory stimulation while flashing a visual cue at different distances away from the percept location. g Applied force is measured to implicitly assess ownership in the sensory attenuation task, where force perception depends on whether the touch is self-administered or externally administered. h The normalization of the phantom limb to e.g., match the prosthesis was proposed to implicitly evaluate ownership over the prosthesis. i In the intentional binding task, implicit agency is assessed by estimating sensory feedback time delay after either voluntary or non-voluntary movements triggered the sensory feedback