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Table 2 Overview of ownership and agency measures extracted from the literature research

From: Prosthetic embodiment: systematic review on definitions, measures, and experimental paradigms

Measure

Measured modality

Study population

Questionnaires (Ownership)

Explicit ownership

AB (n = 55), LAnP (n = 9), LAwP (n = 25)

Proprioceptive drift

Implicit ownership

AB (n = 30), LAnP (n = 4), LAwP (n = 1)

Temperature

Implicit ownership

AB (n = 4), LAnP (n = 1)

Galvanic skin response

Implicit ownership

AB (n = 12), LAnP (n = 2)

Cross modal congruency

Implicit ownership

AB(n = 2), LAwP (n = 1)

Tactile distance perception

Implicit ownership

LAwP (n = 2)

Sensory attenuation

Implicit ownership

AB (n = 2), LAwP (n = 1)

Phantom-limb length

Implicit ownership

LAwP (n = 3)

Questionnaires (Agency)

Explicit agency

AB (n = 17), LAnP (n = 1), LAwP (n = 11)

Intentional binding

Implicit agency

AB (n = 2), LAnP (n = 1), LAwP (n = 1)

  1. Only measures performed in at least one study including participants with amputation and only measures explicitly related to either ownership or agency were included
  2. AB, able-bodied; LAnP, participant with limb amputation not wearing a prosthesis, and LAwP, participant with limb amputation wearing a prosthesis)