Table 2 Descriptive statistics (mean, SD and n) and statistical test results of the mixed design ANOVA (F, df, p-value and partial η²) for peak forces during the push phase (F_push) and pull phase of lever propulsion (F_pull), HRW propulsion (F_peak), heart rate (HR), gross mechanical efficiency (GME), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), stroke frequency (SF) and active time percentage (%Active) of the hand-rim group and the lever group

45 (10)

42 (10)

24.91 (1.28)

 < 0.001*

0.471

3.936 (1.28)

0.024*

0.123

1.341 (1.28)

0.257

0.046

48 (15)

46 (10)

16.07 (1.28)

 < 0.001*

0.365

3.160 (1.28)

0.043*

0.101

0.932 (1.28)

0.343

0.032

71 (15)

63 (21)

283 (31.5)

263 (45)

7.428 (1.27)

0.006*

0.210

5.912 (1.27)

0.011*

0.174

0.221 (1.27)

0.642

0.008

328 (54.7)

298 (59)

5.9 (0.91)

6.4 (1.46)

2.401 (1.27)

0.056

0.079

5.495 (1.27)

0.013*

0.164

0.003 (1.27)

0.959

 < 0.001

5.3 (1.06)

5.9 (1.33)

104 (17.4)

97 (10)

0.263 (1.25)

0.307

0.008

12.27 (1.25)

0.002*

0.300

0.474 (1.25)

0.497

0.029

108 (19.9)

98 (10)

52 (11.8)

49 (6.0)

1.160 (1.27)

0.146

0.041

14.01 (1.27)

 < 0.001*

0.342

4.947 (1.27)

0.035*

0.155

63 (19.6)

50 (20.9)

75 (8.2)

86 (9.3)

597.6 (1.27)

 < 0.001*

0.957

6.63 (1.28)

0.008*

0.197

12.53 (1.28)

0.001*

0.317

33 (4.2)

31 (5.9)

11.1 (2.5)

9.4 (1.7)

0.642 (1.28)

0.215

0.022

22.319 (1.28)

 < 0.001*

0.444

0.002 (1.28)

0.963

 < 0.001

11.5 (2.0)

9.9 (1.3)