Bimanual motor skill learning with robotics in chronic stroke: comparison between minimally impaired and moderately impaired patients, and healthy individuals

Table 2 Results of the CIRCUIT task

Phase	Variable	Group	Estimate	Lower	Upper	P-value
Baseline	biSAT	1 vs HIs	0.18	− 0.36	0.71	0.5104
Baseline	biSAT	2 vs HIs	− 0.12	− 0.6	0.35	0.604
Baseline	biSAT	1 vs 2	− 0.3	− 0.79	0.19	0.2269
Overall	biSAT	1 vs HIs	− 0.27	− 0.58	0.04	0.0862
Overall	biSAT	2 vs HIs	− 0.51	− 0.78	− 0.24	0.0003
Overall	biSAT	1 vs 2	− 0.24	− 0.52	0.04	0.0951
Generalization	biSAT	1 vs HIs	− 0.38	− 0.7	− 0.07	0.0177
Generalization	biSAT	2 vs HIs	− 0.53	− 0.8	− 0.25	0.0002
Generalization	biSAT	1 vs 2	− 0.15	− 0.43	0.14	0.3234
Baseline	biCO	1 vs HIs	− 0.02	− 0.08	0.04	0.4793
Baseline	biCO	2 vs HIs	− 0.06	− 0.11	− 0.01	0.0291
Baseline	biCO	1 vs 2	− 0.04	− 0.09	0.02	0.1612
Overall	biCO	1 vs HIs	0.03	− 0.02	0.08	0.3054
Overall	biCO	2 vs HIs	0	− 0.04	0.05	0.9355
Overall	biCO	1 vs 2	− 0.02	− 0.07	0.02	0.299
Generalization	biCO	1 vs HIs	− 0.01	− 0.06	0.04	0.7185
Generalization	biCO	2 vs HIs	− 0.02	− 0.07	0.02	0.3435
Generalization	biCO	1 vs 2	− 0.01	− 0.06	0.03	0.6125
Baseline	biFOP	1 vs HIs	0.13	− 0.28	0.54	0.5344
Baseline	biFOP	2 vs HIs	− 0.06	− 0.42	0.3	0.7426
Baseline	biFOP	1 vs 2	− 0.19	− 0.56	0.19	0.3224
Overall	biFOP	1 vs HIs	− 0.14	− 0.47	0.19	0.4015
Overall	biFOP	2 vs HIs	− 0.51	− 0.8	− 0.21	0.0008
Overall	biFOP	1 vs 2	− 0.36	− 0.67	− 0.06	0.0187
Generalization	biFOP	1 vs HIs	− 0.4	− 0.74	− 0.06	0.0202
Generalization	biFOP	2 vs HIs	− 0.46	− 0.76	− 0.17	0.002
Generalization	biFOP	1 vs 2	− 0.07	− 0.38	0.24	0.6783

Results are expressed as effect size (ES) and ± 95% confidence interval (CI). Estimate: estimates of effects within each group, Lower: lower limit for the mean, Upper: upper limit for the mean, biSAT: Bimanual Speed/Accuracy Trade-off in arbitrary units (a.u.), biCO: Bimanual Coordination Factor (a.u.), biFOP: bimanual forces exerted against the virtual walls (in Newtons), HIs: healthy individuals, 1: Group 1 (i.e., patients with FMA-UE = 66), 2: Group 2 (i.e., patients with FMA-UE < 66), Baseline: first CIRCUIT training block on the first day, Overall: overall progression over the three days consecutives, Generalization: task on a new CIRCUIT (NC) layout

ISSN: 1743-0003