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Table 3 Comparison of joint kinematics and kinetics between the two AFO groups after training

From: Ankle–foot orthosis with an oil damper versus nonarticulated ankle–foot orthosis in the gait of patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial

 

AFO-OD

Nonarticulated AFO

p-value

Effect size

r

Ankle angle

 Initial contact (°)#

1.98 (5.75)

− 2.48 (4.32)

0.008**

1.51

 Peak plantarflexion in loading response (°)#

− 1.25 (6.15)

− 6.54 (4.26)

0.182

 

 Peak dorsiflexion in single stance (°)

6.73 (6.54)

1.39 (4.76)

0.008**

0.46

 Peak plantarflexion in pre-swing (°)#

3.06 (7.19)

− 1.07 (3.78)

0.045*

0.91

 Peak dorsiflexion in swing (°)#

5.46 (7.28)

0.05 (4.17)

0.045*

0.91

Ankle angular velocity

 Peak plantarflexion in loading response (°/s)#

− 36.41 (23.53)

− 34.20 (21.06)

0.869

 

 Peak dorsiflexion in single stance (°/s)#

32.54 (28.81)

24.57 (11.54)

0.129

 

 Peak plantarflexion in pre-swing (°/s)#

− 31.36 (19.81)

− 33.36 (29.53)

0.869

 

Ankle moment

 Peak dorsiflexion in loading response (Nm/kg)#

− 0.07 (0.08)

− 0.08 (0.07)

0.999

 

 Peak plantarflexion in stance (Nm/kg)

0.92 (0.30)

0.74 (0.21)

0.054

 

Ankle power

 Peak absorption in stance (W/kg)

 − 0.58 (0.37)

 − 0.28 (0.17)

0.007**

0.55

 Peak generation in stance (W/kg)

0.32 (0.22)

0.20 (0.20)

0.111

 

Knee angle

 Initial contact (°)#

14.31 (4.03)

9.91 (9.46)

0.045*

0.91

 Peak flexion in loading response (°)

21.28 (6.25)

18.63 (7.42)

0.054

 

 Peak extension in single stance (°)#

7.39 (6.77)

5.81 (9.68)

0.504

 

Knee moment

 Peak extension in loading response (Nm/kg)

0.44 (0.25)

0.34 (0.15)

0.136

 

 Peak extension in single stance (Nm/kg)

0.26 (0.33)

0.23 (0.20)

0.796

 

 Peak flexion in single stance (Nm/km)

− 0.29 (0.31)

− 0.26 (0.21)

0.735

 

Hip angle

 Initial contact (°)

23.36 (7.40)

20.08 (5.42)

0.132

 

 Peak extension in single stance (°)

6.01 (8.12)

4.48 (8.77)

0.593

 

Hip moment

 Peak extension in loading response (Nm/kg)

0.60 (0.28)

0.67 (0.30)

0.479

 

 Peak flexion in single stance (Nm/kg)

− 0.59 (0.64)

− 0.79 (0.52)

0.309

 

 Peak flexion in pre-swing (Nm/kg)

− 0.88 (0.96)

− 0.80 (0.24)

0.752

 
  1. Angle, dorsiflexion, flexion+; Internal moment, plantarflexion, extension +
  2. Mean (standard deviation) for normally distributed data; median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data; ns, not significant
  3. AFO-OD, ankle–foot orthosis with an oil damper; nonarticulated AFO, nonarticulated ankle–foot orthosis
  4. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; #Not normally distributed