Study | Number of models in the study | Outcomes | Outcome measure (type of outcome, ICF classification) | Outcome at discharge? Yes/no | Predictors (number) | Timing of the measurement | Methods for features selection | Algorithm of the best performing model | Validation approach | Measures and methods used for the description of model performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Almubark et al. | 102 | Upper extremity use at home | MAL ratio (dichotomous variable, d5d6) | N/R | Trunk compensation, ARAT (3) | N/R | N/A | RF after PCA | Leave-One-Subject-Out | Classification accuracy 93.33% |
Upper extremity use at home | Accel ratio (dichotomous variable, b7) | KNN | Classification accuracy 86.66% | |||||||
Bates et al. | 1 | Physical grade achievement | FIM (numeric variable, d2d3d4d5d7) | Yes | Anagrafic data, clinical data, comorbidities data, acute procedures (38) | N/R | Unadjusted bivariate logistic analyses _ features selected are with p < 0.2 | LogR | 60% -40% split | ROC area on the derivation set = 0.84 ROC area on the validation set = 0.83  + Hosmer–Lemeshow test at p = 0.93 not significant on the derivation cohort |
Berlowitz et al. | 4 | Functional outcome | FIM change (numeric variable, d2d3d4d5d7) | Yes | Age, gender (2) | N/R | N/A | LR | Bootstrap method (1000 samples) | R^2 = 0.75 |
Bland et al. | 2 | Walking ability | 10Â m walking speed (dichotomous variable, b7) | Yes | Motricity Index, somatosensation of the dorsum of the foot, Modified Ashworth Scale for plantar flexors, FIM walk item, Berg Balance Scale, 10-m walk speed, age, TPO (8) | Admission | Pearson product-moment correla_ tion | LogR | 110 -159 samples split | Sensitivity (0.94), specificity (0.65), OR (32), positive and negative predictive values (0.70, 0.93) |
10Â m walking speed (numeric variable, b7) | LR | Sensitivity (0.94), specificity (0.65), OR (32), positive and negative predictive values (0.70, 0.93) | ||||||||
Cheng et al. | 3 | Recovery | MRS (dichotomous variable) | No, at 3 months | Gender, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, previous stroke with yes or no nodes, age, OTT, NIHSS (8) | N/R | N/A | NN | 80%—20% split | ROC curve = 0.969,sensitivity = 0.9444,specificity = 0.9565,accuracy = 0.9512 |
De Marchis et al. | 2 | Unfavourable functional outcome | MRS (dichotomous variable, d2d4) | No, at 3 months | Age, NIHSS score, thrombolysis, log10-transformed copeptin levels (4) | Admission | Chosen variables that were independently associated with 3-month functional outcome in the dev and val cohorts | LogR | Model trained on COSMOS dataset (319) and tenfold CV; Ex. validated on CoRisk dataset (783) | Brier score  + AUC (0.819)  + NRI = continuous net reclassification index (0.46) |
De Ridder et al. | 7 | Functional outcome | MRS (dichotomous variable, d2d4) | No, at 3 months | Gender; age; NIHSS, Diabetes, previous stroke atrial fibrillation and hypertension (7) | N/R | Selected variables that were clinically relevant and/or previously reported to predict outcome in the literature | LR | Model trained on PAIS dataset (1227) and ex. validated on PASS dataset (2107) | AUC = 0.81 |
George et al. | 6 | Extent of motor recovery after constraint-induced movement therapy | WMFT (dichotomous variable, d2d4) | Yes | Side of motor impairment, motor predictors: each of the 15 WMFT natural-log-transformed item times; Sensory-motor predictors: BKT score, TM for the affected side (18) | N/R | All possible combinations of 18 inputs, a total of 262,125 combinations, were generated | NN | 35 different splits at different random ratios (RTT) | Accuracy = 100% |
König et al. | 1 | Functional independence | BI (dichotomous variable, d2d4d5) | No, at 3 months | Single items as well as the overall score of the NIHSS (16) | N/R | Systematic literature search | LogR | Model trained on original dataset (1754); ex. validated on VISTA dataset (5048) | AUC = 72.9% |
Sonoda et al. | 2 | Stroke outcome | Motor FIM (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | Total cognitive subscore of the FIM, age, days from stroke onset to dmission, motor-FIM (4) | Admission | N/A | LR | 87 -44 samples split | Correlation coefficients = 0.93 |
Kuceyeski et al. | 7 | Clinical performance | Motor FIM (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | N/R | Right inferior occipital and calcarine areas (N/R) | N/R | Jackknife CV | LR | Bootstrap | Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and R^2 = 0.45 (0.08) |
FIM (numerical variable, d2d3d4d5d7) | Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and R^2 = 0.37 (0.08) | |||||||||
MI (numerical variable, b7) | Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and R^2 = 0.54 (0.14) | |||||||||
Li et al. | 2 | Functional status | BI (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | Demographic information (age, sex and smoking habit), medical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and hypercholesterolemia), evaluation at initial admission in the emergency department (blood glucose, blood pressure, laboratory data and the stroke severity) (N/R) | Admission | N/A | LR | CV (90–10% _ split) | R^2 adjusted = 0.573 |
Scrutinio, Lanzillo, et al. | 2 | Functional status | FIS (dichotomous variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | Age, sex, marital staus, employment status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, TPO, aetiology, side of impairment, aphasia, unilateral neglect, M-FIM, cognitive FIM, blood urea nitrogen, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin (19) | Admission | Forward stepwise selection approach with P < 0.05 | LogR | 717–875 samples split | AUC (0.913), Hosmer–Lemeshow test ( 1.20 (P = 0.754)) and calibration plots |
Motor FIM (dichotomous variable, d2d4d5) | AUC (0.883), Hosmer–Lemeshow test ( 4.12 (P = 0.249)) and calibration plots | |||||||||
Mostafavi et al. | 12 | Assessment of impairment | MAS (numerical variable, b7) | Yes | postural hand speed; reaction and its timing; initial movement direction error/ratio, hand speed ratio; number of speed peaks, speed ranges; movement time, hand path length, and maximum hand speed trial-to-trial variability of the active hand; contraction/expansion of the overall spatial area of the active hand relative to the passive hand; systematic shift between the passive and active hand (8) | During every session, they are instrumental attributes | N/A | PCI | tenfold CV, repeated 100 times + external valiudation | R-value, RMSE, NRMSE (0.054, 0.405, 31.2) |
Masiero et al. [29] | 1 | Ambulation | FAC (dichotomous variable, d4) | Yes | Age, gender, arterial hypertension, hypolipoproteinaemia, diabetes, event date and aetiology, paralysed side length of hospital stay, up MI and low MI, TCT, FIM and mot FIM (12) | Admission | N/R | LogR | 100–50 samples split | ROC curves (ROC area = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.86–0.96, p < 0.0001), with sensitivity of 86.5% (CI 95%: 77–96%) and specificity of 95.5% (CI 95%: 75–95%)) |
Abdel Majeed et al. | 8 | Change in clinical outcomes | FM change (numerical variable, b2b7) | Yes | Demographic/physiological characteristics descriptive statistics of movement (51) | Demogr. and physiol. at baseline, movement features | Random forests with 100 repeats of fourfold CV | LR | CV | RMSE and R^2 < 2.24% |
Scrutinio, Guida, et al. | 1 | Treatment failure | FIM-M (dichotomous variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | Age, sex, marital status, diabetes mellitus, TPO, stroke type, side of impairment, FIM-M and cognitive scores, neglect (10) | N/R | Backward stepwise selection (P > 0.157 for exclusion) | LogR | Resampling 200 bootstrap replications | Hosmer–Lemeshow test (7.77 (PZ.456)) and AUC (0.834) |
Mostafavi et al. | 12 | Assessment of impairment | FIM-M (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | postural hand speed; reaction and its timing; initial movement direction error/ratio, hand speed ratio; number of speed peaks, speed ranges; movement time, hand path length, and maximum hand speed trial-to-trial variability of the active hand; contraction/expansion of the overall spatial area of the active hand relative to the passive hand; systematic shift between the passive and active hand (8) | During every session, they are instrumental attributes | N/A | PCI | Tenfold CV, repeated 100 times | R-value, RMSE, NRMSE (0.562, 16.6, 21.7) |
FIM (numerical variable, d2d3d4d5d7) | R-value, RMSE, NRMSE (0.596, 16.8, 20.5) | |||||||||
Purdue Pegboard score (numerical variable, d2d4) | R-value, RMSE, NRMSE (0.483, 4.1, 14.1) | |||||||||
Abdel Majeed et al. | 8 | Change in clinical outcomes | WMFT change (numerical variable, d2d4) | Yes | Demographic/physiological characteristics descriptive statistics of movement (51) | Demogr. and physiol. at baseline, movement features | Random forests with 100 repeats of fourfold CV | LR | CV | RMSE and R^2 < 4.68% |
Sale et al. | 9 | Motor improvement | FIM-M (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | Yes | Age, gender, aetiology, first event, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, BI, FIM motor impairment, dysphagia, tracheostomy, neuropsychological impairment, speech impairment, presence of nasogastric feeding tube, length of stay (14) | T0 = admission T1 = discharge | Mutual Information (MI) criterion | SVM | 20 rep. of hold-out approach with 70%—30% split  + nested fivefold CV on the training set | Correlation, RMSE and MADP (0.76, 16.32, 26.79%) |
FIM (numerical variable, d2d3d4d5d7) | Correlation, RMSE and MADP (0.79, 18.78, 18.88%) | |||||||||
BI (numerical variable, d2d4d5) | Correlation, RMSE and MADP (0.75, 22.6, 83.96%) | |||||||||
Zariffa et al. | 2 | Measure of upper-limb function | FMA (numerical variable, b2b7) | Yes | Mean velocity, peak velocity, RMS jerk, mean-rectified jerk, number of peaks, path smoothness, speed smoothness, SPARC, passive ROMs, passive ROM Area, Active ROMs, Active ROM Area (14) | During 76 assessments | Exhaustive search of all the combinations of the 14 features | LR | Leave-one-subject-out | R^2 = 0.4390, SRD = 1.4621 |
ARAT (numerical variable, b7) | R^2 = 0.4246, SRD = 2.6803 |