Table 5 Model results and post-hoc tests of percent changes in gait quality relative to before training
From: Soft robotic exosuit augmented high intensity gait training on stroke survivors: a pilot study
Gait parameters | Linear mixed effect model | Post hoc test (mean ± SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Slope [95% CI] | \(p\)-value | Mid–Pre | Post–Pre | |
Spatiotemporal characteristics | ||||
 Step time US | − 5.72 [− 10.47, − 0.98] | < 0.05 | − 7.86 ± 13.40 | − 11.45 ± 8.86* |
 Step time AS | − 6.98 [− 1.70, 3.59] | 0.49 | − 2.92 ± 11.75 | − 3.39 ± 14.61 |
 Step length US | 4.89 [− 0.38, 10.15] | 0.07 | 3.82 ± 11.27 | 9.77 ± 9.67 |
 Step length AS | 4.99 [− 0.68, 10.66] | 0.08 | 3.55 ± 12.96 | 9.98 ± 8.50 |
Joint range of motion | ||||
 Hip Flex/Ex US | 5.04 [1.48, 8.61] | < 0.05 | 10.22 ± 5.62** | 10.09 ± 6.21** |
 Hip Flex/Ex AS | 13.40 [5.33, 21.47] | < 0.01 | 18.68 ± 14.21* | 26.80 ± 16.31** |
 Knee Flex/Ex US | − 0.31 [− 2.95, 2.33] | 0.80 | 1.33 ± 5.16 | − 0.61 ± 4.01 |
 Knee Flex/Ex AS | 14.58 [1.71, 27.45] | < 0.05 | 11.51 ± 30.38 | 29.16 ± 32.25* |
 Ankle Dorsi/Plantar US | 4.09 [− 3.80, 11.99] | 0.27 | 8.95 ± 22.14 | 8.19 ± 12.41 |
 Ankle Dorsi/Plantar AS | 10.71 [− 6.19, 27.61] | 0.19 | 11.57 ± 42.93 | 21.41 ± 40.17 |
Ankle kinematics | ||||
 Ankle angular velocity, US | 10.45 [2.96, 17.94] | < 0.05 | 24.37 ± 8.95** | 20.91 ± 10.71** |
 Ankle angular velocity, AS | 14.11 [1.74, 26.47] | < 0.05 | 20.31 ± 29.75 | 28.21 ± 26.22* |
Gait symmetry | ||||
 Step time | − 4.00 [− 9.57, 1.57] | 0.14 | − 5.24 ± 14.23 | − 8.01 ± 11.59 |
 Step length | − 0.14 [− 2.55, 2.27] | 0.90 | 0.43 ± 5.52 | − 0.28 ± 6.32 |
 Hip Flex/Ex | − 6.58 [− 11.29, − 1.87] | < 0.05 | − 6.70 ± 9.92 | − 13.16 ± 6.64** |
 Knee Flex/Ex | − 10.41 [− 19.91, − 0.91] | < 0.05 | − 5.41 ± 20.98 | − 20.82 ± 20.58* |
 Ankle Dorsi/Plantar | − 3.60 [− 14.35, 7.15] | 0.47 | 1.53 ± 24.53 | − 7.20 ± 18.90 |
 Ankle angular velocity | − 2.12 [− 11.51, 7.27] | 0.62 | 5.84 ± 20.89 | − 4.24 ± 13.78 |