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Table 2 Spatiotemporal and kinematic characteristics of participants during the four walking conditions

From: Gait biofeedback training in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study

 

Condition (mean (SD))

  

Effect size (SMD)

 

Baseline

Intervention

Post-Intervention

Follow-up

Sig.

B -

I

B -PI

B -FU

I -

PI

I -FU

PI -FU

Spatiotemporal characteristics

        

 Gait velocity (m/s)

1.12 (0.16)

1.01 (0.21)

1.10 (0.17)

1.12 (0.19)

a, b, d, e

0.67

0.27

0.50

0.67

 Stride length (m)

1.22 (0.16)

1.13 (0.20)

1.20 (0.17)

1.22 (0.17)

a, b, d, e, f

0.56

0.25

0.37

0.58

0.29

Segmental motion

        

 ML Trunk lean (o)

4.19 (1.40)

3.48 (1.50)

3.88 (1.46)

4.04 (1.50)

a, b, d, e

0.50

0.32

0.39

0.57

 Absolute ML Head motion (cm)

5.77 (1.39)

5.38 (2.07)

5.33 (1.23)

5.55 (1.49)

a, b

0.49

0.45

 Absolute ML Trunk motion (cm)

5.01 (1.15)

5.04 (1.24)

4.81 (1.07)

4.85 (1.14)

ns

 Absolute ML Pelvis motion (cm)

4.80 (0.89)

4.74 (0.91)

4.51 (0.79)

4.57 (0.74)

b, c, d

0.44

0.46

0.39

 Normalised ML Head motion (cm/m/s)

5.38 (2.07)

5.71 (2.71)

5.07 (1.83)

5.22 (2.15)

ns

 Normalised ML Trunk motion (cm/m/s)

4.67 (1.70)

5.41 (2.35)

4.57 (1.57)

4.57 (1.76)

a, d, e

0.50

0.46

0.51

  Normalised ML Pelvis motion (cm/m/s)

4.45 (1.40)

5.03 (1.86)

4.27 (1.24)

4.26 (1.32)

a, d, e

0.54

-

0.52

0.57

 COM to base of support distance (cm)*

4.69 (1.17)

4.37 (1.20)

4.51 (1.24)

4.48 (1.28)

a

0.34

  1. “SD”, standard deviation. “SMD”, standardised mean difference. “ML”, mediolateral. “COM”, centre of mass. *Larger values indicate a more medial position of the COM relative to the base of support. “ns”, no difference between conditions. “a”, difference between baseline and intervention. “b”, difference between baseline and post-intervention. “c”, difference between baseline and follow-up. “d”, difference between Intervention and post-intervention. “e”, difference between intervention and follow-up. “f”, difference between post-intervention and follow-up. Sig: Statistically significant difference between conditions. “B”, Baseline. “I”, Intervention. “PI”, Post-intervention. “FU”, Follow-up
  2. All statistically significant differences are to the p < 0.05 level. SMD values; Small = 0.2–0.5; Medium = 0.5–0.8; Large > 0.8