Table 2 The methodological quality assessment of included studies
Study | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | Grade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burgar (2011) | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Byl (2013) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Calabrò (2019) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Carpinella (2020) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Chen. (2021) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Chinembiri.B (2020) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Conroy (2011) | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Daunoravicien (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Gandolfi (2019) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Grigoras (2016) | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Hesse (2014) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Hollenstein (2011) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Hsieh (2011) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Hsieh (2014) | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Hsieh (2017) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Hsieh (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Hwang (2012) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Jiang. (2021) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | C | |
Klamroth-Marganska (2014) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Lee (2018) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Liao (2012) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Lo (2010) | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
McCabe (2015) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Orihuela-Espina (2016) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Page (2013) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Qian (2017) | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Ranzani. (2020) | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Reinkensmeyer (2012) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Rodgers (2019) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Sale (a) (2014) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Sale (2014) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Straudi (2020) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Susanto (2015) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Takahashi (2016) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Takabayashi (2020) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Takabayashi (2022) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Tarek (2021) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | C | |
Taveggia (2016) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Tomić (2017) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Villafañe (2017) | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Wolf (2015) | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Wu (2012) | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Wu (2013) | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Yang (2012) | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | B | |
Yoo (2013) | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |
Zengin-Metli. (2018) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | B | |