Fig. 1

a Visual stimulation setup. From initiation to termination, the trial was 55 s. Only the 45-second window between the start and the end of the trial was used for data analysis. b Time series example from a single subject. The dashed blue line is an example of the VE horizon motion. The solid black line is an example trial of head ML movement when the participant was given the control instructions. The solid orange line is an example trial of head ML movement when the participant was given the external focus instructions. c Power spectral density of the VR horizon time-series data from (b). d Power spectral density of the head ML movement from control and external focus time-series data in (b)