Visual oscillation effects on dynamic balance control in people with multiple sclerosis

Riem, Lara; Beardsley, Scott A.; Obeidat, Ahmed Z.; Schmit, Brian D.

doi:10.1186/s12984-022-01060-0

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Overview of the results

From: Visual oscillation effects on dynamic balance control in people with multiple sclerosis

Group results: magnitude squared coherence and phase
	Group	Magnitude squared coherence (low frequency)	Phase in radians (low frequency)	Magnitude squared coherence (high frequency)	Phase in radians (high frequency)
Tree Low	Control	0.20 ± 0.17	0.66 ± 1.04	0.52 ± 0.21	1.37 ± 0.67
Tree Low	MS	0.24 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.85	0.40 ± 0.20	1.65 ± 0.74
Scene Low	Control	0.42 ± 0.19	2.23 ± 1.66	0.87 ± 0.11	− 2.48 ± 0.46
Scene Low	MS	0.44 ± 0.26	0.56 ± 2.44	0.73 ± 0.29	− 1.49 ± 1.45
Scene High	Control	0.58 ± 0.27	− 0.36 ± 2.96	0.86 ± 0.20	− 1.71 ± 0.59
Scene High	MS	0.60 ± 0.22	0.83 ± 2.68	0.80 ± 0.23	− 1.28 ± 0.93
Combined—Tree Component	Control	0.18 ± 0.19	0.12 ± 1.59	0.85 ± 0.15	1.14 ± 1.55
Combined—Tree Component	MS	0.18 ± 0.13	0.62 ± 0.78	0.72 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 1.48
Combined—Scene Component	Control	0.58 ± 0.26	1.21 ± 2.68	0.26 ± 0.19	− 1.46 ± 0.46
Combined—Scene Component	MS	0.50 ± 0.21	− 0.39 ± 2.81	0.28 ± 0.23	− 1.56 ± 0.65

Significant group statistics: magnitude squared coherence and phase
Group	p-Value	F-Value	Degrees of Freedom	\({\eta }_{p}^{2}\)
Magnitude Squared Coherence of Low Frequency Pairing: Main Effect—Coherence Stimulus Condition	< 0.001	15.36	4.20	0.75
Magnitude Squared Coherence of High Frequency Pairing: Main Effect—Coherence Stimulus Condition	< 0.001	38.778	4.20	0.89
Phase of Coherence of High Frequency Pairing: Main Effect—Coherence Stimulus Condition	< 0.001	131.79	4.20	0.96

Group results: stepping characteristics
Condition	Group	Step width (Normalized)	Step width variability (Normalized)	Peak to peak COM (meters)	Variability peak to peak COM (meters)	ML foot placement (meters)
Normal	Control	0.21 ± 0.03	0.027 ± 0.007	0.054 ± 0.01	0.010 ± 0.003	0.016 ± 0.00
Normal	MS	0.27 ± 0.05	0.031 ± 0.008	0.076 ± 0.02	0.012 ± 0.003	0.019 ± 0.01
Tree Low	Control	0.21 ± 0.02	0.026 ± 0.005	0.055 ± 0.01	0.011 ± 0.003	0.018 ± 0.01
Tree Low	MS	0.27 ± 0.04	0.039 ± 0.011	0.082 ± 0.02	0.017 ± 0.004	0.031 ± 0.01
Scene Low	Control	0.22 ± 0.03	0.043 ± 0.135	0.073 ± 0.01	0.022 ± 0.007	0.049 ± 0.02
Scene Low	MS	0.30 ± 0.06	0.048 ± 0.017	0.093 ± 0.02	0.025 ± 0.008	0.051 ± 0.02
Scene High	Control	0.23 ± 0.03	0.056 ± 0.013	0.070 ± 0.01	0.022 ± 0.004	0.054 ± 0.01
Scene High	MS	0.30 ± 0.05	0.055 ± 0.018	0.092 ± 0.02	0.025 ± 0.006	0.072 ± 0.04
Combined	Control	0.23 ± 0.03	0.057 ± 0.220	0.068 ± 0.01	0.018 ± 0.004	0.053 ± 0.02
Combined	MS	0.29 ± 0.05	0.057 ± 0.019	0.089 ± 0.02	0.024 ± 0.006	0.043 ± 0.02

Significant group statistics: magnitude squared coherence and phase
Group	p-value	F-value or *t-value	Degrees of freedom	\({\eta }_{p}^{2}\) or *Cohen’s d
Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.01	8.89	1.23	0.28
Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Scene High	< 0.01	12.64	1.23	0.36
Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Combined	< 0.05	7.05	1.23	0.24
Variance in Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	44.35	1.23	0.66
Variance in Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Scene High	< 0.001	94.42	1.23	0.80
Variance in Step Width: Main Effect from Normal—Combined	< 0.001	67.54	1.23	0.75
Variance in Step Width: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low	< 0.05	6.99	1.23	0.23
Variance in Step Width: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc between MS vs Controls in Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 3.66	18.14	*− 1.35
Variance in Step Width: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc in MS between Normal and Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 3.36	13	*− 0.79
Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	23.21	1.23	0.50
Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene High	< 0.001	37.58	1.23	0.62
Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Combined	< 0.001	17.26	1.23	0.43
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	59.64	1.23	0.72
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	140.16	1.23	0.86
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	78.94	1.23	0.77
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low	< 0.01	10.78	1.23	0.32
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc between MS vs Controls in Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 4.22	23	*− 1.70
Variance in Peak to Peak CoM: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc in MS between Normal and Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 4.47	13	*− 1.33
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	59.12	1.23	0.72
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	49.39	1.23	0.68
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Main Effect from Normal—Scene Low	< 0.001	60.00	1.23	0.73
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low	< 0.01	9.93	1.23	0.30
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc between MS vs Controls in Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 3.31	13	*− 1.22
Change in Medial Lateral Foot Placement: Interaction Effect from Normal—Tree Low Post Hoc in MS between Normal and Tree Low	< 0.01	*− 4.42	13	*− 1.07

The top portion of the table displays the mean and standard deviation for each group and condition. The bottom portion of the table displays the significant results. \({\eta }_{p}^{2}\): partial eta squared

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ISSN: 1743-0003

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