From: Non-invasive brain stimulation for improving gait, balance, and lower limbs motor function in stroke
References | Participants number, gender, age/time since stroke | Stroke etiology/location/affected hemisphere | Stimulation parameters, stimulated area | Study design/rTMS positioning technique | Number and duration of sessions/evaluations schedule | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sasaki et al. [67] | 13 males, 8 females/11 ± 7 days | 11 ischemic, 10 hemorrhagic/na/9 right, 12 left | (1) 10 Hz bilateral rTMS (1000 pulses, 90% rMT, double-cone coil) over leg M1 | Parallel groups (11 + 10)/TMS | 5 sessions à 10 min/pre, post | BRS |
(2) sham rTMS (sham coil) | ||||||
Kim et al. [63] | 17 males, 15 females/16 ± 9 days | 32 ischemic/9 subcortical, 23 brain stem/na | (1) 1 Hz unilateral rTMS (900 pulses, 100% rMT, figure-of-eight coil) over contralesional cerebellum | Parallel groups (22 + 10)/10–20 EEG system | 5 sessions à 15 min/pre, post, one month follow up | 10MWT, BBS |
(2) sham rTMS (perpendicular coil positioning) | ||||||
Huang et al. [62] | 23 males, 15 females/29 ± 22 days | 25 ischemic, 13 hemorrhagic/28 subcortical, 10 cortical/17 right, 21 left | (1) 1 Hz unilateral rTMS (900 pulses, 120% rMT, double-cone coil) over contralesional musculus rectus femoris M1 | Parallel groups (18 + 20)/TMS | 13 sessions à 15 min/pre, post, three months follow up | TUG, PASS, FMA-LE |
(2) sham rTMS (sham coil) | ||||||
Lin et al. [65] | 17 males, 3 females/13 ± 7 months | 16 ischemic, 4 hemorrhagic/9 right, 11 left | (1) iTBS bilateral (1200 pulses, 100% rMT, figure-of-eight coil) over musculus rectus femoris M1 | Parallel groups (10 + 10)/TMS | 10 sessions à 7 min/pre, post | BBS, TUG, 10MWT, FMA-LE |
(2) sham rTMS (sham coil) | ||||||
Koch et al. [64] | 21 males, 13 females/13 ± 17 months | 34 ischemic/17 subcortical, 17 cortical/20 right, 14 left | (1) iTBS unilateral (1200 pulses, 80% aMT, figure-of-eight coil) over contralesional lateral cerebellum | Parallel groups (17 + 17)/neuronavigation | 15 sessions à 10 min/pre, post, three weeks follow up | BBS |
(2) sham iTBS (na) | ||||||
Chiefflo et al. [61] | na/61 ± 10 years/20 ± 7 months | 5 ischemic, 4 hemorrhagic/9 subcortical/5 right, 4 left | (1) 20 Hz bilateral rTMS (1500 pulses, 90% rMT, H12-coil) over leg M1 | Crossover (9–9)/TMS | 2 × 11 sessions à 30 min/pre1, post1, four weeks follow up1, pre2, post2, four weeks follow up2 | FMA-LE, 10MWT, 6MWT |
(2) sham rTMS (sham coil) | ||||||
Wang et al. [20] | 15 males, 9 females/23 ± 14 months | na/na/14 right, 10 left | (1) 1 Hz rTMS unilateral (600 pulses, 90% rMT, figure-of-eight coil) over contralesional musculus rectus femoris M1 | Parallel groups (14 + 14)/TMS | 10 sessions à 10 min/pre, post | FMA-LE, gait analysis (speed, cadence, step length, support time, asymmetry) |
(2) sham rTMS (perpendicular coil positioning) | ||||||
Rastgoo et al. [66] | 16 males, 4 females/29 ± 19 months | 15 ischemic, 5 hemorrhagic/15 subcortical, 5 cortical/13 right, 7 left | (1) 1 Hz rTMS unilateral (1000 pulses, 90% rMT, figure-of-eight coil) over contralesional leg M1 | Crossover (10–10)/TMS | 2 × 5 sessions à 17 min/pre1, post1, one weeks follow up1, pre2, post2, one weeks follow up2 | TUG, FMA-LE |
(2) sham rTMS (sham coil) | ||||||
Wang et al. [68] | 11 males, 3 females/29 ± 20 months | 6 ischemic, 8 hemorrhagic/na/8 right, 6 left | (1) 5 Hz rTMS unilateral (900 pulses, 90% rMT, figure-of-eight coil) over ipsilesional musculus tibialis anterior M1 | Parallel groups (8 + 6)/TMS | 9 sessions à 15 min/pre, post, one month follow up | FMA-LE, gait analysis (speed, asymmetry) |
(2) sham rTMS (perpendicular coil positioning) |