Motorless cadence control of standard and low duty cycle-patterned neural stimulation intensity extends muscle-driven cycling output after paralysis

Table 2 Controller performance for controlled stimulation conditions

Participant	Controller type	Target cadence [rpm]	T_maxPW [s]	T_target [s]	RMSE [rpm]	RMSE %
P01	Standard	40–44	–	218 ± 98	2.3 ± 1.6	5.6 ± 3.6
P01	Carousel	33	> 300*	> 300*	1.1 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 1.3
P02	Standard	32	–	> 150*	2.8 ± 0.7	8.6 ± 2.3
P02	Carousel	42	125 ± 37*	117 ± 31*	1.6 ± 0.4	3.9 ± 0.9
P03	Standard	45–50	–	43 ± 8	2.5 ± 1.4	5.1 ± 2.7
P03	Carousel	35–38	–	64 ± 11	3.7 ± 1.5	10.3 ± 4.6
P04	Standard	40	58 ± 16	61 ± 24	2.7 ± 1.1	6.8 ± 2.7
P04	Carousel	35–38	70 ± 16*	67 ± 21	3.6 ± 2.1	10.1 ± 6.2
P05	Standard	45–52	158 ± 38*	156 ± 41*	1.8 ± 0.9	3.8 ± 1.8
P06	Standard	25–50	83 ± 25	68 ± 22	2.3 ± 0.9	6.6 ± 2.1
P07	Standard	28–44	79 ± 27	76 ± 33	3.5 ± 2.0	10.5 ± 6.1

Lower RMSE and RMSE % indicates better tracking performance. Asterisks (*) indicate T_maxPW or T_target was not yet reached within the duration of one or more trials. In these instances, the maximum trial duration was used for outcome measure calculations. Dashes (–) indicate PW data unavailable

ISSN: 1743-0003