Motorless cadence control of standard and low duty cycle-patterned neural stimulation intensity extends muscle-driven cycling output after paralysis

Table 3 Work, charge accumulation, and calculated efficiency differences between controlled conditions and corresponding conventional stimulation trials

Participant	Controlled condition	Controlled mean W [kJ]	Controlled total Q [nC]	Controlled η [kJ/nC]	S-Max mean W [kJ]	S-Max total Q [nC]	S-Max η [kJ/nC]	Δη (× 10^–6)
P01	Standard	2.94	–	–	2.75	–	–	–
P01	Carousel	4.51	1.24E6	3.64E−6	4.19	5.45E6	0.77E−6	+ 2.87
P02	Standard	0.96	–	–	1.14	–	–	–
P02	Carousel	3.15	4.81E5	6.55E−6	2.71	2.72E6	0.99E−6	+ 5.56
P03	Standard	1.62	–	–	1.61	–	–	–
P03	Carousel	1.33	–	–	1.18	–	–	–
P04	Standard	1.75	1.02E6	1.72E−6	1.52	1.63E6	0.93E−6	+ 0.79
P04	Carousel	1.69	3.48E5	4.86E−6	1.51	1.63E6	0.93E−6	+ 3.93
P05	Standard	5.57	5.87E5	9.49E−6	5.09	8.87E5	5.74E−6	+ 3.75
P06	Standard	2.67	5.17E5	5.16E−6	2.61	6.24E5	4.18E−6	+ 0.98
P07	Standard	1.58	3.97E5	3.97E−6	1.49	4.96E5	3.00E−6	+ 0.97

Dashes (–) indicate Q and η data unavailable. Positive Δη indicate superior efficiencies of controlled conditions relative to conventional stimulation

ISSN: 1743-0003