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Table 2 Within-group and between-group comparisons of lower limb motor function and balance in the RAGT group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20) at preintervention, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up

From: Hybrid robot-assisted gait training for motor function in subacute stroke: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

 

RAGT

Control

Pb value

Cohen’s d post

Cohen’s d 3-month

Pre

Post

3-month follow-up

Pa value

Pre

Post

3-month follow-up

Pa value

MMT

1.7 ± 1.3

2.7 ± 1.5

3.5 ± 1.2

< 0.00*

1.8 ± 1.3

2.5 ± 1.4

3.3 ± 1.0

< 0.00*

0.645

0.14

0.18

AROM

25.0 ± 31.0

43.8 ± 35.6

61.8 ± 34.4

< 0.00*

26.5 ± 28.6

41.8 ± 35.1

60.3 ± 27.8

< 0.00*

0.873

0.06

0.05

FMA-LE

7.0 ± 4.7

12.5 ± 5.8

16.5 ± 7.2

< 0.00*

8.1 ± 4.9

11.5 ± 6.3

13.2 ± 5.9

< 0.00*

0.014*

0.17

0.50

FMA-total

11.4 ± 5.4

17.3 ± 6.9

21.4 ± 8.1

< 0.00*

11.7 ± 5.7

15.8 ± 7.3

17.8 ± 7.0

< 0.00*

0.002*

0.21

0.48

POMA balance subscore

3.2 ± 3.5

8.1 ± 5.6

12.1 ± 4.6

< 0.00*

3.9 ± 3.7

7.9 ± 5.8

11.6 ± 4.8

< 0.00*

0.562

0.04

0.11

PASS

17.1 ± 7.3

25.4 ± 8.3

31.2 ± 5.7

< 0.00*

17.3 ± 9.3

23.6 ± 9.6

30.5 ± 6.7

< 0.00*

0.548

0.20

0.11

BBS

8.2 ± 8.4

22.8 ± 16.7

38.6 ± 15.5

< 0.00*

8.8 ± 9.7

22.4 ± 17.8

34.5 ± 17.0

< 0.00*

0.394

0.02

0.25

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
  2. MMT manual muscle test, AROM active range of motion, FMA-LE Fugl–Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity (Hip/Knee/Ankle), FMA-total Fugl–Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity total (Hip/Knee/Ankle, coordination/speed), POMA balance subscore, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment Balance, PASS Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke, BBS Berg Balance Scale
  3. *P < 0.05 by repeated-measures ANOVA for the within-group and between-group comparisons
  4. aWithin-group difference at preintervention and postintervention
  5. bBetween-group difference at preintervention, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up