Fig. 2

Results between HMD-VR and CS training environments on dual-task probe. A Cognitive load measured as the reaction time to the dual-task probe across the visuomotor adaptation task for participants training in either CS or HMD-VR environments. GLMM indicated both Cycle [\({\widehat{{\varvec{\upbeta}}}}_{1}\) = − 0.83, p = 0.009] and Training Environment [\({\widehat{{\varvec{\upbeta}}}}_{2}\) = 167.39, p < 0.0001] were significantly related to cognitive load where training in HMD-VR was related to increased cognitive load. Dots represent the average cognitive load across individuals for each cycle. Furthermore, average cognitive load was greater for the HMD-VR environment during B the Baseline block [t(27.5) = − 3.12, p = 0.004] and C the Rotation block [t(30.4) = − 2.96, p = 0.006] compared to the CS environment; dots represent individual averages across blocks and error bars indicate standard error. p < 0.05^*