Fig. 4

Comparisons between mild and moderate spasticity. In each of the 3 velocity conditions for the damping force ratio (a) and the damping impulse ratio (b). The asterisks indicate significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) between groups. The Shapiro–Wilk and Levene statistical tests were used to examine the normality and equality of variance. According to the results of these tests, a two-sample t test (TT) or Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney test (WMW) was applied for between-group analysis. The differences at 90 deg/s for both ratios and at 30 deg/s for the damping impulse ratio were analyzed by WMW; otherwise, TT was used